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diff share/units.dat @ 0:e037173e0012
Initial import.
| author | HackBot |
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| date | Thu, 16 Feb 2012 19:42:32 +0000 |
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--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/share/units.dat Thu Feb 16 19:42:32 2012 +0000 @@ -0,0 +1,5181 @@ +# +# This file is the units database for use with GNU units, a units conversion +# program by Adrian Mariano adrian@cam.cornell.edu +# +# 14 February 2010 Version 1.50 +# +# Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006 +# 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 +# Free Software Foundation, Inc +# +# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify +# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or +# (at your option) any later version. +# +# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +# GNU General Public License for more details. +# +# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software +# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, +# Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA +# +############################################################################ +# +# Improvements and corrections are welcome. +# +# Most units data was drawn from +# 1. NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition +# 2. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 70th edition +# 3. Oxford English Dictionary +# 4. Websters New Universal Unabridged Dictionary +# 5. Units of Measure by Stephen Dresner +# 6. A Dictionary of English Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko +# 7. British Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko +# 8. Realm of Measure by Isaac Asimov +# 9. United States standards of weights and measures, their +# creation and creators by Arthur H. Frazier. +# 10. French weights and measures before the Revolution: a +# dictionary of provincial and local units by Ronald Zupko +# 11. Weights and Measures: their ancient origins and their +# development in Great Britain up to AD 1855 by FG Skinner +# 12. The World of Measurements by H. Arthur Klein +# 13. For Good Measure by William Johnstone +# 14. NTC's Encyclopedia of International Weights and Measures +# by William Johnstone +# 15. Sizes by John Lord +# 16. Sizesaurus by Stephen Strauss +# 17. CODATA Recommended Values of Physical Constants available at +# http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html +# 18. How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. Available at +# http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html +# 19. Numericana. http://www.numericana.com +# 20. UK history of measurement +# http://www.ukmetrication.com/history.htm +# +# Thanks to Jeff Conrad for assistance in ferreting out unit definitions. +# +########################################################################### +# +# If units you use are missing or defined incorrectly, please contact me. +# +# I added shoe size information but I'm not convinced that it's correct. +# If you know anything about shoe sizes please contact me. +# +########################################################################### + +########################################################################### +# # +# Primitive units. Any unit defined to contain a '!' character is a # +# primitive unit which will not be reduced any further. All units should # +# reduce to primitive units. # +# # +########################################################################### + +# +# SI units +# + +kg ! # Mass of the international prototype +kilogram kg + +s ! # Duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation +second s # corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine + # levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom + +m ! # Length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum +meter m # during 1|299792458 seconds. Originally meant to be + # 1e-7 of the length along a meridian from the equator + # to a pole. + +A ! # The current which produces a force of 2e-7 N/m between two +ampere A # infinitely long wires that are 1 meter apart +amp ampere + +cd ! # Luminous intensity in a given direction of a source which +candela cd # emits monochromatic radiation at 540e12 Hz with radiant + # intensity 1|683 W/steradian. (This differs from radiant + # intensity (W/sr) in that it is adjusted for human + # perceptual dependence on wavelength. The frequency of + # 540e12 Hz (yellow) is where human perception is most + # efficient.) + +mol ! # The amount of substance of a system which contains as many +mole mol # elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of + # carbon 12. The elementary entities must be specified and + # may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, or other + # particles or groups of particles. It is understood that + # unbound atoms of carbon 12, at rest and in the ground + # state, are referred to. + +K ! # 1|273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple +kelvin K # point of water + +# +# The radian and steradian are defined as dimensionless primitive units. +# The radian is equal to m/m and the steradian to m^2/m^2 so these units are +# dimensionless. Retaining them as named units is useful because it allows +# clarity in expressions and makes the meaning of unit definitions more clear. +# These units will reduce to 1 in conversions but not for sums of units or for +# arguments to functions. +# + +radian !dimensionless # The angle subtended at the center of a circle by + # an arc equal in length to the radius of the + # circle +sr !dimensionless # Solid angle which cuts off an area of the surface +steradian sr # of the sphere equal to that of a square with + # sides of length equal to the radius of the + # sphere + +# +# Some primitive non-SI units +# + +US$ ! # The US dollar is chosen arbitrarily to be the primitive + # unit of money. + +bit ! # Basic unit of information (entropy). The entropy in bits + # of a random variable over a finite alphabet is defined + # to be the sum of -p(i)*log2(p(i)) over the alphabet where + # p(i) is the probability that the random variable takes + # on the value i. + +########################################################################### +# # +# Prefixes (longer names must come first) # +# # +########################################################################### + +yotta- 1e24 # Greek or Latin octo, "eight" +zetta- 1e21 # Latin septem, "seven" +exa- 1e18 # Greek hex, "six" +peta- 1e15 # Greek pente, "five" +tera- 1e12 # Greek teras, "monster" +giga- 1e9 # Greek gigas, "giant" +mega- 1e6 # Greek megas, "large" +myria- 1e4 # Not an official SI prefix +kilo- 1e3 # Greek chilioi, "thousand" +hecto- 1e2 # Greek hekaton, "hundred" +deca- 1e1 # Greek deka, "ten" +deka- deca +deci- 1e-1 # Latin decimus, "tenth" +centi- 1e-2 # Latin centum, "hundred" +milli- 1e-3 # Latin mille, "thousand" +micro- 1e-6 # Latin micro or Greek mikros, "small" +nano- 1e-9 # Latin nanus or Greek nanos, "dwarf" +pico- 1e-12 # Spanish pico, "a bit" +femto- 1e-15 # Danish-Norwegian femten, "fifteen" +atto- 1e-18 # Danish-Norwegian atten, "eighteen" +zepto- 1e-21 # Latin septem, "seven" +yocto- 1e-24 # Greek or Latin octo, "eight" + +quarter- 1|4 +semi- 0.5 +demi- 0.5 +hemi- 0.5 +half- 0.5 +double- 2 +triple- 3 +treble- 3 + +kibi- 2^10 # In response to the convention of illegally +mebi- 2^20 # and confusingly using metric prefixes for +gibi- 2^30 # powers of two, the International +tebi- 2^40 # Electrotechnical Commission aproved these +pebi- 2^50 # binary prefixes for use in 1998. If you +exbi- 2^60 # want to refer to "megabytes" using the +Ki- kibi # binary definition, use these prefixes. +Mi- mebi +Gi- gibi +Ti- tebi +Pi- pebi +Ei- exbi + +Y- yotta +Z- zetta +E- exa +P- peta +T- tera +G- giga +M- mega +k- kilo +h- hecto +da- deka +d- deci +c- centi +m- milli +u- micro # it should be a mu but u is easy to type +n- nano +p- pico +f- femto +a- atto +z- zepto +y- yocto + +# +# Names of some numbers +# + +one 1 +two 2 +double 2 +couple 2 +three 3 +triple 3 +four 4 +quadruple 4 +five 5 +quintuple 5 +six 6 +seven 7 +eight 8 +nine 9 +ten 10 +eleven 11 +twelve 12 +thirteen 13 +fourteen 14 +fifteen 15 +sixteen 16 +seventeen 17 +eighteen 18 +nineteen 19 +twenty 20 +thirty 30 +forty 40 +fifty 50 +sixty 60 +seventy 70 +eighty 80 +ninety 90 +hundred 100 +thousand 1000 +million 1e6 + +# These number terms were described by N. Chuquet and De la Roche in the 16th +# century as being successive powers of a million. These definitions are still +# used in most European countries. The current US definitions for these +# numbers arose in the 17th century and don't make nearly as much sense. These +# numbers are listed in the CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics by Eric +# W. Weisstein. + +shortbillion 1e9 +shorttrillion 1e12 +shortquadrillion 1e15 +shortquintillion 1e18 +shortsextillion 1e21 +shortseptillion 1e24 +shortoctillion 1e27 +shortnonillion 1e30 +shortnoventillion shortnonillion +shortdecillion 1e33 +shortundecillion 1e36 +shortduodecillion 1e39 +shorttredecillion 1e42 +shortquattuordecillion 1e45 +shortquindecillion 1e48 +shortsexdecillion 1e51 +shortseptendecillion 1e54 +shortoctodecillion 1e57 +shortnovemdecillion 1e60 +shortvigintillion 1e63 + +centillion 1e303 +googol 1e100 + +longbillion million^2 +longtrillion million^3 +longquadrillion million^4 +longquintillion million^5 +longsextillion million^6 +longseptillion million^7 +longoctillion million^8 +longnonillion million^9 +longnoventillion longnonillion +longdecillion million^10 +longundecillion million^11 +longduodecillion million^12 +longtredecillion million^13 +longquattuordecillion million^14 +longquindecillion million^15 +longsexdecillion million^16 +longseptdecillion million^17 +longoctodecillion million^18 +longnovemdecillion million^19 +longvigintillion million^20 + +# These numbers fill the gaps left by the long system above. + +milliard 1000 million +billiard 1000 million^2 +trilliard 1000 million^3 +quadrilliard 1000 million^4 +quintilliard 1000 million^5 +sextilliard 1000 million^6 +septilliard 1000 million^7 +octilliard 1000 million^8 +nonilliard 1000 million^9 +noventilliard nonilliard +decilliard 1000 million^10 + +# For consistency + +longmilliard milliard +longbilliard billiard +longtrilliard trilliard +longquadrilliard quadrilliard +longquintilliard quintilliard +longsextilliard sextilliard +longseptilliard septilliard +longoctilliard octilliard +longnonilliard nonilliard +longnoventilliard noventilliard +longdecilliard decilliard + +# The long centillion would be 1e600. The googolplex is another +# familiar large number equal to 10^googol. These numbers give overflows. + +# +# The short system prevails in English speaking countries +# + +billion shortbillion +trillion shorttrillion +quadrillion shortquadrillion +quintillion shortquintillion +sextillion shortsextillion +septillion shortseptillion +octillion shortoctillion +nonillion shortnonillion +noventillion shortnoventillion +decillion shortdecillion +undecillion shortundecillion +duodecillion shortduodecillion +tredecillion shorttredecillion +quattuordecillion shortquattuordecillion +quindecillion shortquindecillion +sexdecillion shortsexdecillion +septendecillion shortseptendecillion +octodecillion shortoctodecillion +novemdecillion shortnovemdecillion +vigintillion shortvigintillion + + + +############################################################################# +# # +# Derived units which can be reduced to the primitive units # +# # +############################################################################# + + + +# +# Named SI derived units (officially accepted) +# + +newton kg m / s^2 # force +N newton +pascal N/m^2 # pressure or stress +Pa pascal +joule N m # energy +J joule +watt J/s # power +W watt +coulomb A s # charge +C coulomb +volt W/A # potential difference +V volt +ohm V/A # electrical resistance +siemens A/V # electrical conductance +S siemens +farad C/V # capacitance +F farad +weber V s # magnetic flux +Wb weber +henry Wb/A # inductance +H henry +tesla Wb/m^2 # magnetic flux density +T tesla +hertz /s # frequency +Hz hertz + +# +# Dimensions. These are here to help with dimensional analysis and +# because they will appear in the list produced by hitting '?' at the +# "You want:" prompt to tell the user the dimension of the unit. +# + +LENGTH meter +AREA LENGTH^2 +VOLUME LENGTH^3 +MASS kilogram +CURRENT ampere +AMOUNT mole +ANGLE radian +SOLID_ANGLE steradian +MONEY US$ +FORCE newton +PRESSURE FORCE / AREA +STRESS FORCE / AREA +CHARGE coulomb +CAPACITANCE farad +RESISTANCE ohm +CONDUCTANCE siemens +INDUCTANCE henry +FREQUENCY hertz +VELOCITY LENGTH / TIME +ACCELERATION VELOCITY / TIME +DENSITY MASS / VOLUME +LINEAR_DENSITY MASS / LENGTH +VISCOSITY FORCE TIME / AREA +KINEMATIC_VISCOSITY VISCOSITY / DENSITY + + +# +# units derived easily from SI units +# + +gram millikg +gm gram +g gram +tonne 1000 kg +t tonne +metricton tonne +sthene tonne m / s^2 +funal sthene +pieze sthene / m^2 +quintal 100 kg +bar 1e5 Pa # About 1 atm +vac millibar +micron micrometer # One millionth of a meter +bicron picometer # One brbillionth of a meter +cc cm^3 +are 100 m^2 +liter 1000 cc # The liter was defined in 1901 as the +oldliter 1.000028 dm^3 # space occupied by 1 kg of pure water at +l liter # the temperature of its maximum density +L liter # under a pressure of 1 atm. This was + # supposed to be 1000 cubic cm, but it + # was discovered that the original + # measurement was off. In 1964, the + # liter was redefined to be exactly 1000 + # cubic centimeters. +mho siemens # Inverse of ohm, hence ohm spelled backward +galvat ampere # Named after Luigi Galvani +angstrom 1e-10 m # Convenient for describing molecular sizes +xunit 1.00202e-13 meter # Used for measuring wavelengths +siegbahn xunit # of X-rays. It is defined to be + # 1|3029.45 of the spacing of calcite + # planes at 18 degC. It was intended + # to be exactly 1e-13 m, but was + # later found to be off slightly. +fermi 1e-15 m # Convenient for describing nuclear sizes + # Nuclear radius is from 1 to 10 fermis +barn 1e-28 m^2 # Used to measure cross section for + # particle physics collision, said to + # have originated in the phrase "big as + # a barn". +shed 1e-24 barn # Defined to be a smaller companion to the + # barn, but it's too small to be of + # much use. +brewster micron^2/N # measures stress-optical coef +diopter /m # measures reciprocal of lens focal length +fresnel 1e12 Hz # occasionally used in spectroscopy +shake 1e-8 sec +svedberg 1e-13 s # Used for measuring the sedimentation + # coefficient for centrifuging. +gamma microgram # Also used for 1e-9 tesla +lambda microliter +spat 1e12 m # Rarely used for astronomical measurements +preece 1e13 ohm m # resistivity +planck J s # action of one joule over one second +sturgeon /henry # magnetic reluctance +daraf 1/farad # elastance (farad spelled backwards) +leo 10 m/s^2 +poiseuille N s / m^2 # viscosity +mayer J/g K # specific heat +mired / microK # reciprocal color temperature. The name + # abbreviates micro reciprocal degree. +crocodile megavolt # used informally in UK physics labs +metricounce 25 g +mounce metricounce +finsenunit 1e5 W/m^2 # Measures intensity of ultraviolet light + # with wavelength 296.7 nm. +fluxunit 1e-26 W/m^2 Hz # Used in radio astronomy to measure + # the energy incident on the receiving + # body across a specified frequency + # bandwidth. [12] +jansky fluxunit # K. G. Jansky identified radio waves coming +Jy jansky # from outer space in 1931. +pfu / cm^2 sr s # particle flux unit -- Used to measure + # rate at which particles are received by + # a spacecraft as particles per solid + # angle per detector area per second. [18] +pyron cal_IT / cm^2 min # Measures heat flow from solar radiation, + # from Greek work "pyr" for fire. +katal mol/sec # Measure of the amount of a catalyst. One +kat katal # katal of catalyst enables the reaction + # to consume or produce on mol/sec. +# +# time +# + +sec s +minute 60 s +min minute +hour 60 min +hr hour +day 24 hr +d day +da day +week 7 day +wk week +sennight 7 day +fortnight 14 day +blink 1e-5 day # Actual human blink takes 1|3 second +ce 1e-2 day +cron 1e6 years +watch 4 hours # time a sentry stands watch or a ship's + # crew is on duty. +bell 1|8 watch # Bell would be sounded every 30 minutes. + + + +# +# angular measure +# + +circle 2 pi radian +degree 1|360 circle +deg degree +arcdeg degree +arcmin 1|60 degree +arcminute arcmin +' arcmin +arcsec 1|60 arcmin +arcsecond arcsec +" arcsec +'' " +rightangle 90 degrees +quadrant 1|4 circle +quintant 1|5 circle +sextant 1|6 circle + +sign 1|12 circle # Angular extent of one sign of the zodiac +turn circle +revolution turn +rev turn +pulsatance radian / sec +gon 1|100 rightangle # measure of grade +grade gon +centesimalminute 1|100 grade +centesimalsecond 1|100 centesimalminute +milangle 1|6400 circle # Official NIST definition. + # Another choice is 1e-3 radian. +pointangle 1|32 circle # Used for reporting compass readings +centrad 0.01 radian # Used for angular deviation of light + # through a prism. +mas milli arcsec # Used by astronomers +seclongitude circle (seconds/day) # Astronomers measure longitude + # (which they call right ascension) in + # time units by dividing the equator into + # 24 hours instead of 360 degrees. +# +# Some geometric formulas +# + +circlearea(r) [m;m^2] pi r^2 ; sqrt(circlearea/pi) +spherevolume(r) [m;m^3] 4|3 pi r^3 ; cuberoot(spherevolume/4|3 pi) +spherevol(r) [m;m^3] spherevolume(r) ; ~spherevolume(spherevol) +square(x) x^2 ; sqrt(square) + +# +# Solid angle measure +# + +sphere 4 pi sr +squaredegree 1|180^2 pi^2 sr +squareminute 1|60^2 squaredegree +squaresecond 1|60^2 squareminute +squarearcmin squareminute +squarearcsec squaresecond +sphericalrightangle 0.5 pi sr +octant 0.5 pi sr + +# +# Concentration measures +# + +percent 0.01 +% percent +mill 0.001 # Originally established by Congress in 1791 + # as a unit of money equal to 0.001 dollars, + # it has come to refer to 0.001 in general. + # Used by some towns to set their property + # tax rate, and written with a symbol similar + # to the % symbol but with two 0's in the + # denominator. [18] +proof 1|200 # Alcohol content measured by volume at + # 60 degrees Fahrenheit. This is a USA + # measure. In Europe proof=percent. +ppm 1e-6 +partspermillion ppm +ppb 1e-9 +partsperbillion ppb # USA billion +ppt 1e-12 +partspertrillion ppt # USA trillion +karat 1|24 # measure of gold purity +caratgold karat +gammil mg/l +basispoint 0.01 % # Used in finance +fine 1|1000 # Measure of gold purity + +# The pH scale is used to measure the concentration of hydronium (H3O+) ions in +# a solution. A neutral solution has a pH of 7 as a result of dissociated +# water molecules. + +pH(x) [;mol/liter] 10^(-x) mol/liter ; (-log(pH liters/mol)) + + +# +# Temperature +# +# Two types of units are defined: units for converting temperature differences +# and functions for converting absolute temperatures. Conversions for +# differences start with "deg" and conversions for absolute temperature start +# with "temp". +# + +TEMPERATURE kelvin +TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE kelvin + +tempC(x) [;K] x K + stdtemp ; (tempC +(-stdtemp))/K # In 1741 Anders Celsius +tempcelsius(x) [;K] tempC(x); ~tempC(tempcelsius) # introduced a temperature +degcelsius K # scale with water boiling at 0 degrees and +degC K # freezing at 100 degrees at standard + # pressure. After his death the fixed points + # were reversed and the scale was called the + # centigrade scale. Due to the difficulty of + # accurately measuring the temperature of + # melting ice at standard pressure, the + # centigrade scale was replaced in 1954 by + # the Celsius scale which is defined by + # subtracting 273.15 from the temperature in + # Kelvins. This definition differed slightly + # from the old centigrade definition, but the + # Kelvin scale depends on the triple point of + # water rather than a melting point, so it + # can be measured accurately. + +tempF(x) [;K] (x+(-32)) degF + stdtemp ; (tempF+(-stdtemp))/degF + 32 +tempfahrenheit(x) [;K] tempF(x) ; ~tempF(tempfahrenheit) +degfahrenheit 5|9 degC # Fahrenheit defined his temperature scale +degF 5|9 degC # by setting 0 to the coldest temperature + # he could produce in his lab with a salt + # water solution and by setting 96 degrees to + # body heat. In Fahrenheit's words: + # + # Placing the thermometer in a mixture of + # sal ammoniac or sea salt, ice, and water + # a point on the scale will be found which + # is denoted as zero. A second point is + # obtained if the same mixture is used + # without salt. Denote this position as + # 30. A third point, designated as 96, is + # obtained if the thermometer is placed in + # the mouth so as to acquire the heat of a + # healthy man." (D. G. Fahrenheit, + # Phil. Trans. (London) 33, 78, 1724) + +degreesrankine degF # The Rankine scale has the +degrankine degreesrankine # Fahrenheit degree, but its zero +degreerankine degF # is at absolute zero. +degR degrankine +tempR degrankine +temprankine degrankine + +tempreaumur(x) [;K] x degreaumur+stdtemp ; (tempreaumur+(-stdtemp))/degreaumur +degreaumur 10|8 degC # The Reaumur scale was used in Europe and + # particularly in France. It is defined + # to be 0 at the freezing point of water + # and 80 at the boiling point. Reaumur + # apparently selected 80 because it is + # divisible by many numbers. + +degK K # "Degrees Kelvin" is forbidden usage. +tempK K # For consistency. + +# Gas mark is implemented below but in a terribly ugly way. There is +# a simple formula, but it requires a conditional which is not +# presently supported. +# +# The formula to convert to degrees Fahrenheit is: +# +# 25 log2(gasmark) + k_f gasmark<=1 +# 25 (gasmark-1) + k_f gasmark>=1 +# +# k_f = 275 +# +gasmark[degR] \ + .0625 634.67 \ + .125 659.67 \ + .25 684.67 \ + .5 709.67 \ + 1 734.67 \ + 2 759.67 \ + 3 784.67 \ + 4 809.67 \ + 5 834.67 \ + 6 859.67 \ + 7 884.67 \ + 8 909.67 \ + 9 934.67 \ + 10 959.67 + +# Units cannot handle wind chill or heat index because they are two variable +# functions, but they are included here for your edification. Clearly these +# equations are the result of a model fitting operation. +# +# wind chill index (WCI) a measurement of the combined cooling effect of low +# air temperature and wind on the human body. The index was first defined +# by the American Antarctic explorer Paul Siple in 1939. As currently used +# by U.S. meteorologists, the wind chill index is computed from the +# temperature T (in °F) and wind speed V (in mi/hr) using the formula: +# WCI = 0.0817(3.71 sqrt(V) + 5.81 - 0.25V)(T - 91.4) + 91.4. +# For very low wind speeds, below 4 mi/hr, the WCI is actually higher than +# the air temperature, but for higher wind speeds it is lower than the air +# temperature. +# +# heat index (HI or HX) a measure of the combined effect of heat and +# humidity on the human body. U.S. meteorologists compute the index +# from the temperature T (in °F) and the relative humidity H (as a +# value from 0 to 1). +# HI = -42.379 + 2.04901523 T + 1014.333127 H - 22.475541 TH +# - .00683783 T^2 - 548.1717 H^2 + 0.122874 T^2 H + 8.5282 T H^2 +# - 0.0199 T^2 H^2. + +# +# Physical constants +# + +# Basic constants + +pi 3.14159265358979323846 +c 2.99792458e8 m/s # speed of light in vacuum (exact) +light c +mu0 4 pi 1e-7 H/m # permeability of vacuum (exact) +epsilon0 1/mu0 c^2 # permittivity of vacuum (exact) +energy c^2 # convert mass to energy +e 1.602176487e-19 C # electron charge +h 6.62606896e-34 J s # Planck constant +hbar h / 2 pi +spin hbar +G 6.67428e-11 N m^2 / kg^2 # Newtonian gravitational constant + # This is the NIST 2002 value. + # Note that NIST increased the + # uncertainty of G to 1500 ppm + # as a result of disagreements + # between experiments performed in + # the late 1990s. Some other + # sources give conflicting values + # with a much lower uncertainty. +coulombconst 1/4 pi epsilon0 # listed as "k" sometimes + +# Physico-chemical constants + +atomicmassunit 1.660538782e-27 kg# atomic mass unit (defined to be +u atomicmassunit # 1|12 of the mass of carbon 12) +amu atomicmassunit +amu_chem 1.66026e-27 kg # 1|16 of the weighted average mass of + # the 3 naturally occuring neutral + # isotopes of oxygen +amu_phys 1.65981e-27 kg # 1|16 of the mass of a neutral + # oxygen 16 atom +dalton u # Maybe this should be amu_chem? +avogadro grams/amu mol # size of a mole +N_A avogadro +gasconstant 8.314472 J / mol K # molar gas constant +R gasconstant +boltzmann R / N_A # Boltzmann constant +k boltzmann +kboltzmann boltzmann +molarvolume mol R stdtemp / atm # Volume occupied by one mole of an + # ideal gas at STP. +loschmidt avogadro mol / molarvolume # Molecules per cubic meter of an + # ideal gas at STP. Loschmidt did + # work similar to Avogadro. +stefanboltzmann pi^2 k^4 / 60 hbar^3 c^2 # The power per area radiated by a +sigma stefanboltzmann # blackbody at temperature T is + # given by sigma T^4. +wiendisplacement 2.8977685e-3 m K # Wien's Displacement Law gives the + # frequency at which the the Planck + # spectrum has maximum intensity. + # The relation is lambda T = b where + # lambda is wavelength, T is + # temperature and b is the Wien + # displacement. This relation is + # used to determine the temperature + # of stars. +K_J 483597.9 GHz/V # Direct measurement of the volt is difficult. Until + # recently, laboratories kept Weston cadmium cells as + # a reference, but they could drift. In 1987 the + # CGPM officially recommended the use of the + # Josephson effect as a laboratory representation of + # the volt. The Josephson effect occurs when two + # superconductors are separated by a thin insulating + # layer. A "supercurrent" flows across the insulator + # with a frequency that depends on the potential + # applied across the superconductors. This frequency + # can be very accurately measured. The Josephson + # constant K_J, which is equal to 2e/h, relates the + # measured frequency to the potential. The value + # given here is the officially specified value for + # use beginning in 1990. The 2006 recommended value + # of the constant is 483597.891 GHz/V. +R_K 25812.807 ohm # Measurement of the ohm also presents difficulties. + # The old approach involved maintaining resistances + # that were subject to drift. The new standard is + # based on the Hall effect. When a current carrying + # ribbon is placed in a magnetic field, a potential + # difference develops across the ribbon. The ratio + # of the potential difference to the current is + # called the Hall resistance. Klaus von Klitzing + # discovered in 1980 that the Hall resistance varies + # in discrete jumps when the magnetic field is very + # large and the temperature very low. This enables + # accurate realization of the resistance h/e^2 in the + # lab. The value given here is the officially + # specified value for use beginning in 1990. + +# Various conventional values + +gravity 9.80665 m/s^2 # std acceleration of gravity (exact) +force gravity # use to turn masses into forces +atm 101325 Pa # Standard atmospheric pressure +atmosphere atm +Hg 13.5951 gram force / cm^3 # Standard weight of mercury (exact) +water gram force/cm^3 # Standard weight of water (exact) +waterdensity gram / cm^3 # Density of water +H2O water +wc water # water column +mach 331.46 m/s # speed of sound in dry air at STP +standardtemp 273.15 K # standard temperature +stdtemp standardtemp + +# Weight of mercury and water at different temperatures using the standard +# force of gravity. + +Hg10C 13.5708 force gram / cm^3 # These units, when used to form +Hg20C 13.5462 force gram / cm^3 # pressure measures, are not accurate +Hg23C 13.5386 force gram / cm^3 # because of considerations of the +Hg30C 13.5217 force gram / cm^3 # revised practical temperature scale. +Hg40C 13.4973 force gram / cm^3 +Hg60F 13.5574 force gram / cm^3 +H2O0C 0.99987 force gram / cm^3 +H2O5C 0.99999 force gram / cm^3 +H2O10C 0.99973 force gram / cm^3 +H2O15C 0.99913 force gram / cm^3 +H2O18C 0.99862 force gram / cm^3 +H2O20C 0.99823 force gram / cm^3 +H2O25C 0.99707 force gram / cm^3 +H2O50C 0.98807 force gram / cm^3 +H2O100C 0.95838 force gram / cm^3 + +# Atomic constants + +Rinfinity 10973731.568527 /m # The wavelengths of a spectral series +R_H 10967760 /m # can be expressed as + # 1/lambda = R (1/m^2 - 1/n^2). + # where R is a number that various + # slightly from element to element. + # For hydrogen, R_H is the value, + # and for heavy elements, the value + # approaches Rinfinity, which can be + # computed from + # m_e c alpha^2 / 2 h + # with a loss of 5 digits + # of precision. +alpha 7.2973525376e-3 # The fine structure constant was + # introduced to explain fine + # structure visible in spectral + # lines. It can be computed from + # mu0 c e^2 / 2 h + # with a loss of 3 digits precision + # and loss of precision in derived + # values which use alpha. +bohrradius alpha / 4 pi Rinfinity +prout 185.5 keV # nuclear binding energy equal to 1|12 + # binding energy of the deuteron +# Planck constants + +planckmass 2.17644e-8 kg # sqrt(hbar c / G) +m_P planckmass +plancktime hbar / planckmass c^2 +t_P plancktime +plancklength plancktime c +l_P plancklength + +# Masses of elementary particles + +electronmass 5.4857990943e-4 u +m_e electronmass +protonmass 1.00727646677 u +m_p protonmass +neutronmass 1.00866491597 u +m_n neutronmass +muonmass 0.1134289256 u +m_mu muonmass +deuteronmass 2.013553212724 u +m_d deuteronmass +alphaparticlemass 4.001506179127 u +m_alpha alphaparticlemass + +# particle wavelengths: the compton wavelength of a particle is +# defined as h / m c where m is the mass of the particle. + +electronwavelength h / m_e c +lambda_C electronwavelength +protonwavelength h / m_p c +lambda_C,p protonwavelength +neutronwavelength h / m_n c +lambda_C,n neutronwavelength + +# Magnetic moments + +bohrmagneton e hbar / 2 electronmass +mu_B bohrmagneton +nuclearmagneton e hbar / 2 protonmass +mu_N nuclearmagneton +mu_mu 4.49044786e-26 J/T # Muon magnetic moment +mu_p 1.410606662e-26 J/T # Proton magnetic moment +mu_e 928.476377e-26 J/T # Electron magnetic moment +mu_n 0.96623641e-26 J/T # Neutron magnetic moment +mu_d 0.433073465e-26 J/T # Deuteron magnetic moment + +# +# Units derived from physical constants +# + +kgf kg force +technicalatmosphere kgf / cm^2 +at technicalatmosphere +hyl kgf s^2 / m # Also gram-force s^2/m according to [15] +mmHg mm Hg +torr mmHg # These units, both named after Evangelista +tor Pa # Torricelli, should not be confused. + # Acording to [15] the torr is actually + # atm/760 which is slightly different. +inHg inch Hg +inH2O inch water +mmH2O mm water +eV e V # Energy acquired by a particle with charge e +electronvolt eV # when it is accelerated through 1 V +lightyear c julianyear # The 365.25 day year is specified in +ly lightyear # NIST publication 811 +lightsecond c s +lightminute c min +parsec au / tan(arcsec) # Unit of length equal to distance +pc parsec # from the sun to a point having + # heliocentric parallax of 1 + # arcsec (derived from parallax + # second). A distant object with + # paralax theta will be about + # (arcsec/theta) parsecs from the + # sun (using the approximation + # that tan(theta) = theta). +rydberg h c Rinfinity # Rydberg energy +crith 0.089885 gram # The crith is the mass of one + # liter of hydrogen at standard + # temperature and pressure. +amagatvolume molarvolume +amagat mol/amagatvolume # Used to measure gas densities +lorentz bohrmagneton / h c # Used to measure the extent + # that the frequency of light + # is shifted by a magnetic field. +cminv h c / cm # Unit of energy used in infrared +invcm cminv # spectroscopy. +wavenumber cminv +kcal_mol kcal_th / mol N_A # kcal/mol is used as a unit of + # energy by physical chemists. +# +# CGS system based on centimeter, gram and second +# + +dyne cm gram / s^2 # force +dyn dyne +erg cm dyne # energy +poise gram / cm s # viscosity, honors Jean Poiseuille +P poise +rhe /poise # reciprocal viscosity +stokes cm^2 / s # kinematic viscosity +St stokes +stoke stokes +lentor stokes # old name +Gal cm / s^2 # acceleration, used in geophysics +galileo Gal # for earth's gravitational field + # (note that "gal" is for gallon + # but "Gal" is the standard symbol + # for the gal which is evidently a + # shortened form of "galileo".) +barye dyne/cm^2 # pressure +barad barye # old name +kayser 1/cm # Proposed as a unit for wavenumber +balmer kayser # Even less common name than "kayser" +kine cm/s # velocity +bole g cm / s # momentum +pond gram force +glug gram force s^2 / cm # Mass which is accelerated at + # 1 cm/s^2 by 1 gram force +darcy centipoise cm^2 / s atm # Measures permeability to fluid flow. + + # One darcy is the permeability of a + # medium that allows a flow of cc/s + # of a liquid of centipoise viscosity + # under a pressure gradient of + # atm/cm. Named for H. Darcy. + +mohm cm / dyn s # mobile ohm, measure of mechanical +mobileohm mohm # mobility +mechanicalohm dyn s / cm # mechanical resistance +acousticalohm dyn s / cm^5 # ratio of the sound pressure of + # 1 dyn/cm^2 to a source of strength + # 1 cm^3/s +ray acousticalohm +rayl dyn s / cm^3 # Specific acoustical resistance +eotvos 1e-9 Gal/cm # Change in gravitational acceleration + # over horizontal distance + +# Electromagnetic units derived from the abampere + +abampere 10 A # Current which produces a force of +abamp abampere # 2 dyne/cm between two infinitely +aA abampere # long wires that are 1 cm apart +biot aA # alternative name for abamp +Bi biot +abcoulomb abamp sec +abcoul abcoulomb +abfarad abampere sec / abvolt +abhenry abvolt sec / abamp +abvolt dyne cm / abamp sec +abohm abvolt / abamp +abmho /abohm +gauss abvolt sec / cm^2 +Gs gauss +maxwell abvolt sec # Also called the "line" +Mx maxwell +oersted gauss / mu0 +Oe oersted +gilbert gauss cm / mu0 +Gb gilbert +Gi gilbert +unitpole 4 pi maxwell +emu erg/gauss # "electro-magnetic unit", a measure of + # magnetic moment, often used as emu/cm^3 + # to specify magnetic moment density. + +# Gaussian system: electromagnetic units derived from statampere. +# +# Note that the Gaussian units are often used in such a way that Coulomb's law +# has the form F= q1 * q2 / r^2. The constant 1|4*pi*epsilon0 is incorporated +# into the units. From this, we can get the relation force=charge^2/dist^2. +# This means that the simplification esu^2 = dyne cm^2 can be used to simplify +# units in the Gaussian system, with the curious result that capacitance can be +# measured in cm, resistance in sec/cm, and inductance in sec^2/cm. These +# units are given the names statfarad, statohm and stathenry below. + +statampere 10 A cm / s c +statamp statampere +statvolt dyne cm / statamp sec +statcoulomb statamp s +esu statcoulomb +statcoul statcoulomb +statfarad statamp sec / statvolt +cmcapacitance statfarad +stathenry statvolt sec / statamp +statohm statvolt / statamp +statmho /statohm +statmaxwell statvolt sec +franklin statcoulomb +debye 1e-18 statcoul cm # unit of electrical dipole moment +helmholtz debye/angstrom^2 # Dipole moment per area +jar 1000 statfarad # approx capacitance of Leyden jar + +# +# Some historical eletromagnetic units +# + +intampere 0.999835 A # Defined as the current which in one +intamp intampere # second deposits .001118 gram of + # silver from an aqueous solution of + # silver nitrate. +intfarad 0.999505 F +intvolt 1.00033 V +intohm 1.000495 ohm # Defined as the resistance of a + # uniform column of mercury containing + # 14.4521 gram in a column 1.063 m + # long and maintained at 0 degC. +daniell 1.042 V # Meant to be electromotive force of a + # Daniell cell, but in error by .04 V +faraday N_A e mol # Charge that must flow to deposit or +faraday_phys 96521.9 C # liberate one gram equivalent of any +faraday_chem 96495.7 C # element. (The chemical and physical + # values are off slightly from what is + # obtained by multiplying by amu_chem + # or amu_phys. These values are from + # a 1991 NIST publication.) Note that + # there is a Faraday constant which is + # equal to N_A e and hence has units of + # C/mol. +kappline 6000 maxwell # Named by and for Gisbert Kapp +siemensunit 0.9534 ohm # Resistance of a meter long column of + # mercury with a 1 mm cross section. + +# +# Photometric units +# + +LUMINOUS_INTENSITY candela +LUMINOUS_FLUX lumen +LUMINOUS_ENERGY talbot +ILLUMINANCE lux +EXITANCE lux + +candle 1.02 candela # Standard unit for luminous intensity +hefnerunit 0.9 candle # in use before candela +hefnercandle hefnerunit # +violle 20.17 cd # luminous intensity of 1 cm^2 of + # platinum at its temperature of + # solidification (2045 K) + +lumen cd sr # Luminous flux (luminous energy per +lm lumen # time unit) + +talbot lumen s # Luminous energy +lumberg talbot # References give these values for +lumerg talbot # lumerg and lumberg both. Note that + # a paper from 1948 suggests that + # lumerg should be 1e-7 talbots so + # that lumergs/erg = talbots/joule. + # lumerg = luminous erg +lux lm/m^2 # Illuminance or exitance (luminous +lx lux # flux incident on or coming from +phot lumen / cm^2 # a surface) +ph phot # +footcandle lumen/ft^2 # Illuminance from a 1 candela source + # at a distance of one foot +metercandle lumen/m^2 # Illuminance from a 1 candela source + # at a distance of one meter + +mcs metercandle s # luminous energy per area, used to + # measure photographic exposure + +nox 1e-3 lux # These two units were proposed for +skot 1e-3 apostilb # measurements relating to dark adapted + # eyes. +# Luminance measures + +LUMINANCE nit + +nit cd/m^2 # Luminance: the intensity per projected +stilb cd / cm^2 # area of an extended luminous source. +sb stilb # (nit is from latin nitere = to shine.) + +apostilb cd/pi m^2 +asb apostilb +blondel apostilb # Named after a French scientist. + +# Equivalent luminance measures. These units are units which measure +# the luminance of a surface with a specified exitance which obeys +# Lambert's law. (Lambert's law specifies that luminous intensity of +# a perfectly diffuse luminous surface is proportional to the cosine +# of the angle at which you view the luminous surface.) + +equivalentlux cd / pi m^2 # luminance of a 1 lux surface +equivalentphot cd / pi cm^2 # luminance of a 1 phot surface +lambert cd / pi cm^2 +footlambert cd / pi ft^2 + +# The bril is used to express "brilliance" of a source of light on a +# logarithmic scale to correspond to subjective perception. An increase of 1 +# bril means doubling the luminance. A luminance of 1 lambert is defined to +# have a brilliance of 1 bril. + +bril(x) [;lambert] 2^(x+-100) lamberts ;log2(bril/lambert)+100 + +# Some luminance data from the IES Lighting Handbook, 8th ed, 1993 + +sunlum 1.6e9 cd/m^2 # at zenith +sunillum 100e3 lux # clear sky +sunillum_o 10e3 lux # overcast sky +sunlum_h 6e6 cd/m^2 # value at horizon +skylum 8000 cd/m^2 # average, clear sky +skylum_o 2000 cd/m^2 # average, overcast sky +moonlum 2500 cd/m^2 + +# Photographic Exposure Value +# +# The Additive Photographic EXposure (APEX) system developed in Germany in +# the 1960s was an attempt to simplify exposure determination for people +# who relied on exposure tables rather than exposure meters. Shortly +# thereafter, nearly all cameras incorporated exposure meters, so the APEX +# system never caught on, but the concept of Exposure Value (EV) given by +# +# A^2 LS ES +# 2^EV = --- = -- = -- +# T K C +# +# Where +# A = Relative aperture (f-number) +# T = Shutter time in seconds +# L = Scene luminance in cd/m2 +# E = Scene illuminance in lux +# S = Arithmetic ISO film speed +# K = Reflected-light meter calibration constant +# C = Incident-light meter calibration constant +# +# remains in use. Strictly speaking, an Exposure Value is a combination +# of aperture and shutter time, but it's also commonly used to indicate +# luminance (or illuminance). Conversion to luminance or illuminance +# units depends on the ISO film speed and the meter calibration constant. +# Common practice is to use an ISO film speed of 100 (because film speeds +# are in even 1/3-step increments, the exact value is 64 * 2^(2|3)). +# Calibration constants vary among camera and meter manufacturers: Canon, +# Nikon, and Sekonic use a value of 12.5 for reflected-light meters, while +# Minolta and Pentax use a value of 14. Minolta and Sekonic use a value +# of 250 for incident-light meters with flat receptors. + +s100 64 * 2^(2|3) / lx s # exact speed for ISO 100 film + +# Reflected-light meter calibration constant with ISO 100 film + +k1250 12.5 (cd/m2) / lx s # For Canon, Nikon, and Sekonic +k1400 14 (cd/m2) / lx s # For Minolta and Pentax + +# Incident-light meter calibration constant with ISO 100 film + +c250 250 lx / lx s # flat-disc receptor + +# Exposure value to scene luminance with ISO 100 film + +# For Minolta or Pentax +#ev100(x) [;cd/m^2] 2^x k1400 / s100; log2(ev100 s100 / k1400) +# For Canon, Nikon or Sekonic +ev100(x) [;cd/m^2] 2^x k1250 / s100; log2(ev100 s100 / k1250) + +# Exposure value to scene illuminance with ISO 100 film + +iv100(x) [1;lx] 2^x c250 / s100; log2(iv100 s100 / c250) + +# +# Astronomical time measurements +# +# Astronmical time measurement is a complicated matter. The length of the true +# day at a given place can be 21 seconds less than 24 hours or 30 seconds over +# 24 hours. The two main reasons for this are the varying speed of the earth +# in its elliptical orbit and the fact that the sun moves on the ecliptic +# instead of along the celestial equator. To devise a workable system for time +# measurement, Simon Newcomb (1835-1909) used a fictitious "mean sun". +# Consider a first fictitious sun traveling along the ecliptic at a constant +# speed and coinciding with the true sun at perigee and apogee. Then +# considering a second fictitious sun traveling along the celestial equator at +# a constant speed and coinciding with the first fictitious sun at the +# equinoxes. The second fictitious sun is the "mean sun". From this equations +# can be written out to determine the length of the mean day, and the tropical +# year. The length of the second was determined based on the tropical year +# from such a calculation and was officially used from 1960-1967 until atomic +# clocks replaced astronomical measurements for a standard of time. All of the +# values below give the mean time for the specified interval. +# +# See "Mathematical Astronomy Morsels" by Jean Meeus for more details +# and a description of how to compute the correction to mean time. +# + +TIME second + +anomalisticyear 365.2596 days # The time between successive + # perihelion passages of the + # earth. +siderealyear 365.256360417 day # The time for the earth to make + # one revolution around the sun + # relative to the stars. +tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The time needed for the mean sun + # as defined above to increase + # its longitude by 360 degrees. + # Most references defined the + # tropical year as the interval + # between vernal equinoxes, but + # this is misleading. The length + # of the season changes over time + # because of the eccentricity of + # the earth's orbit. The time + # between vernal equinoxes is + # approximately 365.24237 days + # around the year 2000. See + # "Mathematical Astronomy + # Morsels" for more details. +eclipseyear 346.62 days # The line of nodes is the + # intersection of the plane of + # Earth's orbit around the sun + # with the plane of the moon's + # orbit around earth. Eclipses + # can only occur when the moon + # and sun are close to this + # line. The line rotates and + # appearances of the sun on the + # line of nodes occur every + # eclipse year. +saros 223 synodicmonth # The earth, moon and sun appear in + # the same arrangement every + # saros, so if an eclipse occurs, + # then one saros later, a similar + # eclipse will occur. (The saros + # is close to 19 eclipse years.) + # The eclipse will occur about + # 120 degrees west of the + # preceeding one because the + # saros is not an even number of + # days. After 3 saros, an + # eclipse will occur at + # approximately the same place. +siderealday 86164.09054 s # The sidereal day is the interval +siderealhour 1|24 siderealday # between two successive transits +siderealminute 1|60 siderealhour # of a star over the meridian, +siderealsecond 1|60 siderealminute # or the time required for the + # earth to make one rotation + # relative to the stars. The + # more usual solar day is the + # time required to make a + # rotation relative to the sun. + # Because the earth moves in its + # orbit, it has to turn a bit + # extra to face the sun again, + # hence the solar day is slightly + # longer. +anomalisticmonth 27.55454977 day # Time for the moon to travel from + # perigee to perigee +nodicalmonth 27.2122199 day # The nodes are the points where +draconicmonth nodicalmonth # an orbit crosses the ecliptic. +draconiticmonth nodicalmonth # This is the time required to + # travel from the ascending node + # to the next ascending node. +siderealmonth 27.321661 day # Time required for the moon to + # orbit the earth +lunarmonth 29 days + 12 hours + 44 minutes + 2.8 seconds + # Mean time between full moons. +synodicmonth lunarmonth # Full moons occur when the sun +lunation synodicmonth # and moon are on opposite sides +lune 1|30 lunation # of the earth. Since the earth +lunour 1|24 lune # moves around the sun, the moon + # has to revolve a bit extra to + # get into the full moon + # configuration. +year tropicalyear +yr year +month 1|12 year +mo month +lustrum 5 years # The Lustrum was a Roman + # purification ceremony that took + # place every five years. + # Classically educated Englishmen + # used this term. +decade 10 years +century 100 years +millennium 1000 years +millennia millennium +solaryear year +lunaryear 12 lunarmonth +calendaryear 365 day +commonyear 365 day +leapyear 366 day +julianyear 365.25 day +gregorianyear 365.2425 day +islamicyear 354 day # A year of 12 lunar months. They +islamicleapyear 355 day # began counting on July 16, AD 622 + # when Muhammad emigrated to Medina + # (the year of the Hegira). They need + # 11 leap days in 30 years to stay in + # sync with the lunar year which is a + # bit longer than the 29.5 days of the + # average month. The months do not + # keep to the same seasons, but + # regress through the seasons every + # 32.5 years. +islamicmonth 1|12 islamicyear # They have 29 day and 30 day months. + +# The Hewbrew year is also based on lunar months, but synchronized to the solar +# calendar. The months vary irregularly between 29 and 30 days in length, and +# the years likewise vary. The regular year is 353, 354, or 355 days long. To +# keep up with the solar calendar, a leap month of 30 days is inserted every +# 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years of a 19 year cycle. This +# gives leap years that last 383, 384, or 385 days. + + +# Sidereal days + +mercuryday 58.6462 day +venusday 243.01 day # retrograde +earthday siderealday +marsday 1.02595675 day +jupiterday 0.41354 day +saturnday 0.4375 day +uranusday 0.65 day # retrograde +neptuneday 0.768 day +plutoday 6.3867 day + +# Sidereal years from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/phys_props_planets.html. Data +# was updated in May 2001 based on the 1992 Explanatory Supplement to the +# Astronomical Almanac and the mean longitude rates. Apparently the table of +# years in that reference is incorrect. + +mercuryyear 0.2408467 julianyear +venusyear 0.61519726 julianyear +earthyear siderealyear +marsyear 1.8808476 julianyear +jupiteryear 11.862615 julianyear +saturnyear 29.447498 julianyear +uranusyear 84.016846 julianyear +neptuneyear 164.79132 julianyear +plutoyear 247.92065 julianyear + +# Objects on the earth are charted relative to a perfect ellipsoid whose +# dimensions are specified by different organizations. The ellipsoid is +# specified by an equatorial radius and a flattening value which defines the +# polar radius. These values are the 1996 values given by the International +# Earth Rotation Service (IERS) whose reference documents can be found at +# http://maia.usno.navy.mil/ + +earthflattening 1|298.25642 +earthradius_equatorial 6378136.49 m +earthradius_polar (-earthflattening+1) earthradius_equatorial + +landarea 148.847e6 km^2 +oceanarea 361.254e6 km^2 + +moonradius 1738 km # mean value +sunradius 6.96e8 m + +# Many astronomical values can be measured most accurately in a system of units +# using the astronomical unit and the mass of the sun as base units. The +# uncertainty in the gravitational constant makes conversion to SI units +# significantly less accurate. + +# The astronomical unit was defined to be the length of the of the semimajor +# axis of a massless object with the same year as the earth. With such a +# definition in force, and with the mass of the sun set equal to one, Kepler's +# third law can be used to solve for the value of the gravitational constant. + +# Kepler's third law says that (2 pi / T)^2 a^3 = G M where T is the orbital +# period, a is the size of the semimajor axis, G is the gravitational constant +# and M is the mass. With M = 1 and T and a chosen for the earth's orbit, we +# find sqrt(G) = (2 pi / T) sqrt(AU^3). This constant is called the Gaussian +# gravitational constant, apparently because Gauss originally did the +# calculations. However, when the original calculation was done, the value +# for the length of the earth's year was inaccurate. The value used is called +# the Gaussian year. Changing the astronomical unit to bring it into +# agreement with more accurate values for the year would have invalidated a +# lot of previous work, so instead the astronomical unit has been kept equal +# to this original value. This is accomplished by using a standard value for +# the Gaussian gravitational constant. This constant is called k. +# Many values below are from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?constants + +gauss_k 0.01720209895 # This beast has dimensions of + # au^(3|2) / day and is exact. +gaussianyear (2 pi / gauss_k) days # Year that corresponds to the Gaussian + # gravitational constant. This is a + # fictional year, and doesn't + # correspond to any celestial event. +astronomicalunit 499.004783806 light second # Value from the DE-405 +au astronomicalunit # ephemeris for the above described + # astronomical unit. (See the NASA + # site listed above.) +solarmass 1.9891e30 kg +sunmass solarmass + + +sundist 1.0000010178 au # mean earth-sun distance +moondist 3.844e8 m # mean earth-moon distance +sundist_near 1.471e11 m # earth-sun distance at perihelion +sundist_far 1.521e11 m # earth-sun distance at aphelion + +# The following are masses for planetary systems, not just the planet itself. +# The comments give the uncertainty in the denominators. As noted above, +# masses are given relative to the solarmass because this is more accurate. +# The conversion to SI is uncertain because of uncertainty in G, the +# gravitational constant. +# +# Values are from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/astro_constants.html + +mercurymass solarmass / 6023600 # 250 +venusmass solarmass / 408523.71 # 0.06 +earthmoonmass solarmass / 328900.56 # 0.02 +marsmass solarmass / 3098708 # 9 +jupitermass solarmass / 1047.3486 # 0.0008 +saturnmass solarmass / 3497.898 # 0.018 +uranusmass solarmass / 22902.98 # 0.03 +neptunemass solarmass / 19412.24 # 0.04 +plutomass solarmass / 1.35e8 # 0.07e8 + +moonearthmassratio 0.012300034 # uncertainty 3 x 10-9 +earthmass earthmoonmass / ( 1 + moonearthmassratio) +moonmass moonearthmassratio earthmass + +# These are the old values for the planetary masses. They may give +# the masses of the planets alone. + +oldmercurymass 0.33022e24 kg +oldvenusmass 4.8690e24 kg +oldmarsmass 0.64191e24 kg +oldjupitermass 1898.8e24 kg +oldsaturnmass 568.5e24 kg +olduranusmass 86.625e24 kg +oldneptunemass 102.78e24 kg +oldplutomass 0.015e24 kg + +# Mean radius from http://ssd.jpl.nsaa.gov/phys_props_planets.html which in +# turn cites Global Earth Physics by CF Yoder, 1995. + +mercuryradius 2440 km +venusradius 6051.84 km +earthradius 6371.01 km +marsradius 3389.92 km +jupiterradius 69911 km +saturnradius 58232 km +uranusradius 25362 km +neptuneradius 24624 km +plutoradius 1151 km + +moongravity 1.62 m/s^2 + +# +# The Hartree system of atomic units, derived from fundamental units +# of mass (of electron), action (planck's constant), charge, and +# the coulomb constant. + +# Fundamental units + +atomicmass electronmass +atomiccharge e +atomicaction hbar + +# derived units (Warning: accuracy is lost from deriving them this way) + +atomiclength bohrradius +atomictime hbar^3/coulombconst^2 atomicmass e^4 # Period of first + # bohr orbit +atomicvelocity atomiclength / atomictime +atomicenergy hbar / atomictime +hartree atomicenergy +Hartree hartree + +# +# These thermal units treat entropy as charge, from [5] +# + +thermalcoulomb J/K # entropy +thermalampere W/K # entropy flow +thermalfarad J/K^2 +thermalohm K^2/W # thermal resistance +fourier thermalohm +thermalhenry J K^2/W^2 # thermal inductance +thermalvolt K # thermal potential difference + + +# +# United States units +# + +# linear measure + +# The US Metric Law of 1866 legalized the metric system in the USA and defined +# the meter in terms of the British system with the exact 1 meter = 39.37 +# inches. On April 5, 1893 Corwin Mendenhall decided, in what has become known +# as the "Mendenhall Order" that the meter and kilogram would be the +# fundamental standards in the USA. The definition from 1866 was turned around +# to give an exact definition of the foot as 1200|3937 meters. This definition +# was used until July of 1959 when the definition was changed to bring the US +# into agreement with other countries. Since 1959, the foot has been exactly +# 0.3048 meters. At the same time it was decided that any data expressed in +# feet derived from geodetic surveys within the US would continue to use the +# old definition and call the old unit the "survey foot". + +US 1200|3937 m/ft # These four values will convert +US- US # international measures to +survey- US # US Survey measures +geodetic- US +int 3937|1200 ft/m # Convert US Survey measures to +int- int # international measures + +inch 2.54 cm +in inch +foot 12 inch +feet foot +ft foot +yard 3 ft +yd yard +mile 5280 ft # The mile was enlarged from 5000 ft + # to this number in order to make + # it an even number of furlongs. + # (The Roman mile is 5000 romanfeet.) +line 1|12 inch # Also defined as '.1 in' or as '1e-8 Wb' +rod 5.5 yard +perch rod +furlong 40 rod # From "furrow long" +statutemile mile +league 3 mile # Intended to be an an hour's walk + +# surveyor's measure + +surveyorschain 66 surveyft +surveychain surveyorschain +surveyorspole 1|4 surveyorschain +surveyorslink 1|100 surveyorschain +chain 66 ft +link 1|100 chain +ch chain +usacre 10 surveychain^2 +intacre 10 chain^2 # Acre based on international ft +intacrefoot acre surveyfoot +usacrefoot usacre surveyfoot +section mile^2 +township 36 section +homestead 160 acre # Area of land granted by the 1862 Homestead + # Act of the United States Congress +gunterschain surveyorschain + +engineerschain 100 ft +engineerslink 1|100 engineerschain +ramsdenschain engineerschain +ramsdenslink engineerslink + +gurleychain 33 feet # Andrew Ellicott chain is the +gurleylink 1|50 gurleychain # same length + +wingchain 66 feet # Chain from 1664, introduced by +winglink 1|80 wingchain # Vincent Wing, also found in a + # 33 foot length with 40 links. + + + +# nautical measure + +fathom 6 ft # Originally defined as the distance from + # fingertip to fingertip with arms fully + # extended. +nauticalmile 1852 m # Supposed to be one minute of latitude at + # the equator. That value is about 1855 m. + # Early estimates of the earth's circumference + # were a bit off. The value of 1852 m was + # made the international standard in 1929. + # The US did not accept this value until + # 1954. The UK switched in 1970. + +cable 1|10 nauticalmile +intcable cable # international cable +cablelength cable +UScable 100 USfathom +navycablelength 720 USft # used for depth in water +marineleague 3 nauticalmile +geographicalmile brnauticalmile +knot nauticalmile / hr +click km # US military slang +klick click + +# Avoirdupois weight + +pound 0.45359237 kg # The one normally used +lb pound # From the latin libra +grain 1|7000 pound # The grain is the same in all three + # weight systems. It was originally + # defined as the weight of a barley + # corn taken from the middle of the + # ear. +ounce 1|16 pound +oz ounce +dram 1|16 ounce +dr dram +ushundredweight 100 pounds +cwt hundredweight +shorthundredweight ushundredweight +uston shortton +shortton 2000 lb +quarterweight 1|4 uston +shortquarterweight 1|4 shortton +shortquarter shortquarterweight + +# Troy Weight. In 1828 the troy pound was made the first United States +# standard weight. It was to be used to regulate coinage. + +troypound 5760 grain +troyounce 1|12 troypound +ozt troyounce +pennyweight 1|20 troyounce # Abbreviated "d" in reference to a +dwt pennyweight # Frankish coin called the "denier" + # minted in the late 700's. There + # were 240 deniers to the pound. +assayton mg ton / troyounce # mg / assayton = troyounce / ton +usassayton mg uston / troyounce +brassayton mg brton / troyounce +fineounce troyounce # A troy ounce of 99.5% pure gold + +# Some other jewelers units + +metriccarat 0.2 gram # Defined in 1907 +metricgrain 50 mg +carat metriccarat +ct carat +jewelerspoint 1|100 carat +silversmithpoint 1|4000 inch +momme 3.75 grams # Traditional Japanese unit based + # on the chinese mace. It is used for + # pearls in modern times and also for + # silk density. The definition here + # was adopted in 1891. +# Apothecaries' weight + +appound troypound +apounce troyounce +apdram 1|8 apounce +apscruple 1|3 apdram + +# Liquid measure + +usgallon 231 in^3 # US liquid measure is derived from +gal gallon # the British wine gallon of 1707. +quart 1|4 gallon # See the "winegallon" entry below +pint 1|2 quart # more historical information. +gill 1|4 pint +usquart 1|4 usgallon +uspint 1|2 usquart +usgill 1|4 uspint +usfluidounce 1|16 uspint +fluiddram 1|8 usfloz +minimvolume 1|60 fluiddram +qt quart +pt pint +floz fluidounce +usfloz usfluidounce +fldr fluiddram +liquidbarrel 31.5 usgallon +usbeerbarrel 2 beerkegs +beerkeg 15.5 usgallon # Various among brewers +ponykeg 1|2 beerkeg +winekeg 12 usgallon +petroleumbarrel 42 usgallon # Originated in Pennsylvania oil +barrel petroleumbarrel # fields, from the winetierce +bbl barrel +ushogshead 2 liquidbarrel +usfirkin 9 gallon + +# Dry measures: The Winchester Bushel was defined by William III in 1702 and +# legally adopted in the US in 1836. + +usbushel 2150.42 in^3 # Volume of 8 inch cylinder with 18.5 +bu bushel # inch diameter (rounded) +peck 1|4 bushel +uspeck 1|4 usbushel +brpeck 1|4 brbushel +pk peck +drygallon 1|2 uspeck +dryquart 1|4 drygallon +drypint 1|2 dryquart +drybarrel 7056 in^3 # Used in US for fruits, vegetables, + # and other dry commodities except for + # cranberries. +cranberrybarrel 5826 in^3 # US cranberry barrel +heapedbushel 1.278 usbushel# The following explanation for this + # value was provided by Wendy Krieger + # <os2fan2@yahoo.com> based on + # guesswork. The cylindrical vessel is + # 18.5 inches in diameter and 1|2 inch + # thick. A heaped bushel includes the + # contents of this cylinder plus a heap + # on top. The heap is a cone 19.5 + # inches in diameter and 6 inches + # high. With these values, the volume + # of the bushel is 684.5 pi in^3 and + # the heap occupies 190.125 pi in^3. + # Therefore, the heaped bushel is + # 874.625|684.5 bushels. This value is + # approximately 1.2777575 and it rounds + # to the value listed for the size of + # the heaped bushel. Sometimes the + # heaped bushel is reported as 1.25 + # bushels. This same explanation gives + # that value if the heap is taken to + # have an 18.5 inch diameter. + +# Grain measures. The bushel as it is used by farmers in the USA is actually +# a measure of mass which varies for different commodities. Canada uses the +# same bushel masses for most commodities, but not for oats. + +wheatbushel 60 lb +soybeanbushel 60 lb +cornbushel 56 lb +ryebushel 56 lb +barleybushel 48 lb +oatbushel 32 lb +ricebushel 45 lb +canada_oatbushel 34 lb + +# Wine and Spirits measure + +ponyvolume 1 usfloz +jigger 1.5 usfloz # Can vary between 1 and 2 usfloz +shot jigger # Sometimes 1 usfloz +eushot 25 ml # EU standard spirits measure +fifth 1|5 usgallon +winebottle 750 ml # US industry standard, 1979 +winesplit 1|4 winebottle +wineglass 4 usfloz +magnum 1.5 liter # Standardized in 1979, but given + # as 2 qt in some references +metrictenth 375 ml +metricfifth 750 ml +metricquart 1 liter + +# Old British bottle size + +reputedquart 1|6 brgallon +reputedpint 1|2 reputedquart +brwinebottle reputedquart # Very close to 1|5 winegallon + +# French champagne bottle sizes + +split 200 ml +jeroboam 2 magnum +rehoboam 3 magnum +methuselah 4 magnum +salmanazar 6 magnum +balthazar 8 magnum +nebuchadnezzar 10 magnum + +# +# Water is "hard" if it contains various minerals, expecially calcium +# carbonate. +# + +clarkdegree 1|70000 # Content by weigh of calcium carbonate +gpg grains/gallon # Divide by water's density to convert to + # a dimensionless concentration measure +# +# Shoe measures +# + +shoeiron 1|48 inch # Used to measure leather in soles +shoeounce 1|64 inch # Used to measure non-sole shoe leather + +# USA shoe sizes. These express the length of the shoe or the length +# of the "last", the form that the shoe is made on. But note that +# this only captures the length. It appears that widths change 1/4 +# inch for each letter within the same size, and if you change the +# length by half a size then the width changes between 1/8 inch and +# 1/4 inch. But this may not be standard. If you know better, please +# contact me. + +shoesize_delta 1|3 inch # USA shoe sizes differ by this amount +shoe_men0 8.25 inch +shoe_women0 (7+11|12) inch +shoe_boys0 (3+11|12) inch +shoe_girls0 (3+7|12) inch + +shoesize_men(n) [;inch] shoe_men0 + n shoesize_delta ; \ + (shoesize_men+(-shoe_men0))/shoesize_delta +shoesize_women(n) [;inch] shoe_women0 + n shoesize_delta ; \ + (shoesize_women+(-shoe_women0))/shoesize_delta +shoesize_boys(n) [;inch] shoe_boys0 + n shoesize_delta ; \ + (shoesize_boys+(-shoe_boys0))/shoesize_delta +shoesize_girls(n) [;inch] shoe_girls0 + n shoesize_delta ; \ + (shoesize_girls+(-shoe_girls0))/shoesize_delta + +# European shoe size. According to +# http://www.shoeline.com/footnotes/shoeterm.shtml#paris points + +# sizes in Europe are measured with Paris points which simply measure +# the length of the shoe. + +europeshoesize 2|3 cm + +# +# USA slang units +# + +buck US$ +fin 5 US$ +sawbuck 10 US$ +usgrand 1000 US$ +greenback US$ +key kg # usually of marijuana, 60's +lid 1 oz # Another 60's weed unit +footballfield usfootballfield +usfootballfield 100 yards +canadafootballfield 110 yards # And 65 yards wide +marathon 26 miles + 385 yards + +# +# British +# + +# The length measure in the UK was defined by a bronze bar manufactured in +# 1844. Various conversions were sanctioned for convenience at different +# times, which makes conversions before 1963 a confusing matter. Apparently +# previous conversions were never explicitly revoked. Four different +# conversion factors appear below. Multiply them times an imperial length +# units as desired. The Weights and Measures Act of 1963 switched the UK away +# from their bronze standard and onto a definition of the yard in terms of the +# meter. This happened after an international agreement in 1959 to align the +# world's measurement systems. + +UK UKlength_SJJ +UK- UK +british- UK + +UKlength_B 0.9143992 meter / yard # Benoit found the yard to be + # 0.9143992 m at a weights and + # measures conference around + # 1896. Legally sanctioned + # in 1898. +UKlength_SJJ 0.91439841 meter / yard # In 1922, Seers, Jolly and + # Johnson found the yard to be + # 0.91439841 meters. + # Used starting in the 1930's. +UKlength_K meter / 39.37079 inch # In 1816 Kater found this ratio + # for the meter and inch. This + # value was used as the legal + # conversion ratio when the + # metric system was legalized + # for contract in 1864. +UKlength_C meter / 1.09362311 yard # In 1866 Clarke found the meter + # to be 1.09362311 yards. This + # conversion was legalized + # around 1878. +brnauticalmile 6080 ft # Used until 1970 when the UK +brknot brnauticalmile / hr # switched to the international +brcable 1|10 brnauticalmile # nautical mile. +admiraltymile brnauticalmile +admiraltyknot brknot +admiraltycable brcable +seamile 6000 ft +shackle 15 fathoms # Adopted 1949 by British navy + +# British Imperial weight is mostly the same as US weight. A few extra +# units are added here. + +clove 7 lb +stone 14 lb +tod 28 lb +brquarterweight 1|4 brhundredweight +brhundredweight 8 stone +longhundredweight brhundredweight +longton 20 brhundredweight +brton longton + +# British Imperial volume measures + +brminim 1|60 brdram +brscruple 1|3 brdram +fluidscruple brscruple +brdram 1|8 brfloz +brfluidounce 1|20 brpint +brfloz brfluidounce +brgill 1|4 brpint +brpint 1|2 brquart +brquart 1|4 brgallon +brgallon 4.54609 l # The British Imperial gallon was + # defined in 1824 to be the volume of + # water which weighed 10 pounds at 62 + # deg F with a pressure of 30 inHg. + # It was also defined as 277.274 in^3, + # Which is slightly in error. In + # 1963 it was defined to be the volume + # occupied by 10 pounds of distilled + # water of density 0.998859 g/ml weighed + # in air of density 0.001217 g/ml + # against weights of density 8.136 g/ml. + # This gives a value of approximately + # 4.5459645 liters, but the old liter + # was in force at this time. In 1976 + # the definition was changed to exactly + # 4.54609 liters using the new + # definition of the liter (1 dm^3). +brbarrel 36 brgallon # Used for beer +brbushel 8 brgallon +brheapedbushel 1.278 brbushel +brquarter 8 brbushel +brchaldron 36 brbushel + +# Obscure British volume measures. These units are generally traditional +# measures whose definitions have fluctuated over the years. Often they +# depended on the quantity being measured. They are given here in terms of +# British Imperial measures. For example, the puncheon may have historically +# been defined relative to the wine gallon or beer gallon or ale gallon +# rather than the British Imperial gallon. + +bag 4 brbushel +bucket 4 brgallon +kilderkin 2 brfirkin +last 40 brbushel +noggin brgill +pottle 0.5 brgallon +pin 4.5 brgallon +puncheon 72 brgallon +seam 8 brbushel +coomb 4 brbushel +boll 6 brbushel +firlot 1|4 boll +brfirkin 9 brgallon # Used for ale and beer +cran 37.5 brgallon # measures herring, about 750 fish +brwinehogshead 52.5 brgallon # This value is approximately equal +brhogshead brwinehogshead # to the old wine hogshead of 63 + # wine gallons. This adjustment + # is listed in the OED and in + # "The Weights and Measures of + # England" by R. D. Connor +brbeerhogshead 54 brgallon +brbeerbutt 2 brbeerhogshead +registerton 100 ft^3 # Used for internal capacity of ships +shippington 40 ft^3 # Used for ship's cargo freight or timber +brshippington 42 ft^3 # +freightton shippington # Both register ton and shipping ton derive + # from the "tun cask" of wine. +displacementton 35 ft^3 # Approximate volume of a longton weight of + # sea water. Measures water displaced by + # ships. +waterton 224 brgallon +strike 70.5 l # 16th century unit, sometimes + # defined as .5, 2, or 4 bushels + # depending on the location. It + # probably doesn't make a lot of + # sense to define in terms of imperial + # bushels. Zupko gives a value of + # 2 Winchester grain bushels or about + # 70.5 liters. +amber 4 brbushel# Used for dry and liquid capacity [18] + +# obscure British lengths + +barleycorn 1|3 UKinch # Given in Realm of Measure as the + # difference between successive shoe sizes +nail 1|16 UKyard # Originally the width of the thumbnail, + # or 1|16 ft. This took on the general + # meaning of 1|16 and settled on the + # nail of a yard or 1|16 yards as its + # final value. [12] +pole 16.5 UKft # This was 15 Saxon feet, the Saxon +rope 20 UKft # foot (aka northern foot) being longer +englishell 45 UKinch +flemishell 27 UKinch +ell englishell # supposed to be measure from elbow to + # fingertips +span 9 UKinch # supposed to be distance from thumb + # to pinky with full hand extension +goad 4.5 UKft # used for cloth, possibly named after the + # stick used for prodding animals. + +# misc obscure British units + +rood 1|4 acre +englishcarat troyounce/151.5 # Originally intended to be 4 grain + # but this value ended up being + # used in the London diamond market +mancus 2 oz +mast 2.5 lb +nailkeg 100 lbs +basebox 31360 in^2 # Used in metal plating + +# alternate spellings + +metre meter +gramme gram +litre liter +dioptre diopter +aluminium aluminum +sulphur sulfur + +# +# Units derived the human body (may not be very accurate) +# + +geometricpace 5 ft # distance between points where the same + # foot hits the ground +pace 2.5 ft # distance between points where alternate + # feet touch the ground +USmilitarypace 30 in # United States official military pace +USdoubletimepace 36 in # United States official doubletime pace +fingerbreadth 7|8 in # The finger is defined as either the width +fingerlength 4.5 in # or length of the finger +finger fingerbreadth +palmwidth hand # The palm is a unit defined as either the width +palmlength 8 in # or the length of the hand +hand 4 inch # width of hand +shaftment 6 inch # Distance from tip of outstretched thumb to the + # opposite side of the palm of the hand. The + # ending -ment is from the old English word + # for hand. [18] +smoot 5 ft + 7 in # Created as part of an MIT fraternity prank. + # In 1958 Oliver Smoot was used to measure + # the length of the Harvard Bridge, which was + # marked off in smooth lengths. These + # markings have been maintained on the bridge + # since then and repainted by subsequent + # incoming fraternity members. During a + # bridge rennovation the new sidewalk was + # scored every smooth rather than at the + # customary 6 ft spacing. +# +# Cooking measures +# + +# Common abbreviations + +tbl tablespoon +tbsp tablespoon +tblsp tablespoon +Tb tablespoon +tsp teaspoon +saltspoon 1|4 tsp + +# US measures + +uscup 8 usfloz +ustablespoon 1|16 uscup +usteaspoon 1|3 ustablespoon +ustbl ustablespoon +ustbsp ustablespoon +ustblsp ustablespoon +ustsp usteaspoon +metriccup 250 ml +stickbutter 1|4 lb # Butter in the USA is sold in one + # pound packages that contain four + # individually wrapped pieces. The + # pieces are marked into tablespoons, + # making it possible to measure out + # butter by volume by slicing the + # butter. + +# US can sizes. + +number1can 10 usfloz +number2can 19 usfloz +number2.5can 3.5 uscups +number3can 4 uscups +number5can 7 uscups +number10can 105 usfloz + +# British measures + +brcup 1|2 brpint +brteacup 1|3 brpint +brtablespoon 15 ml # Also 5|8 brfloz, approx 17.7 ml +brteaspoon 1|3 brtablespoon # Also 1|4 brtablespoon +brdessertspoon 2 brteaspoon +dessertspoon brdessertspoon +dsp dessertspoon +brtsp brteaspoon +brtbl brtablespoon +brtbsp brtablespoon +brtblsp brtablespoon + +# Australian + +australiatablespoon 20 ml +austbl australiatablespoon +austbsp australiatablespoon +austblsp australiatablespoon +australiateaspoon 1|4 australiatablespoon +austsp australiateaspoon + +# Chinese + +catty 0.5 kg +oldcatty 4|3 lbs # Before metric conversion. +tael 1|16 oldcatty # Should the tael be defined both ways? +mace 0.1 tael +oldpicul 100 oldcatty +picul 100 catty # Chinese usage + +# Indian + +seer 14400 grain # British Colonial standard +ser seer +maund 40 seer +pakistanseer 1 kg +pakistanmaund 40 pakistanseer +chittak 1|16 seer +tola 1|5 chittak +ollock 1|4 liter # Is this right? + +# Japanese + +japancup 200 ml + +# densities of cooking ingredients from The Cake Bible by Rose Levy Beranbaum +# so you can convert '2 cups sugar' to grams, for example, or in the other +# direction grams could be converted to 'cup flour_scooped'. + +butter 8 oz/uscup +butter_clarified 6.8 oz/uscup +cocoa_butter 9 oz/uscup +shortening 6.75 oz/uscup # vegetable shortening +oil 7.5 oz/uscup +cakeflour_sifted 3.5 oz/uscup # The density of flour depends on the +cakeflour_spooned 4 oz/uscup # measuring method. "Scooped", or +cakeflour_scooped 4.5 oz/uscup # "dip and sweep" refers to dipping a +flour_sifted 4 oz/uscup # measure into a bin, and then sweeping +flour_spooned 4.25 oz/uscup # the excess off the top. "Spooned" +flour_scooped 5 oz/uscup # means to lightly spoon into a measure +breadflour_sifted 4.25 oz/uscup # and then sweep the top. Sifted means +breadflour_spooned 4.5 oz/uscup # sifting the flour directly into a +breadflour_scooped 5.5 oz/uscup # measure and then sweeping the top. +cornstarch 120 grams/uscup +dutchcocoa_sifted 75 g/uscup # These are for Dutch processed cocoa +dutchcocoa_spooned 92 g/uscup +dutchcocoa_scooped 95 g/uscup +cocoa_sifted 75 g/uscup # These are for nonalkalized cocoa +cocoa_spooned 82 g/uscup +cocoa_scooped 95 g/uscup +heavycream 232 g/uscup +milk 242 g/uscup +sourcream 242 g/uscup +molasses 11.25 oz/uscup +cornsyrup 11.5 oz/uscup +honey 11.75 oz/uscup +sugar 200 g/uscup +powdered_sugar 4 oz/uscup +brownsugar_light 217 g/uscup # packed +brownsugar_dark 239 g/uscup + +baking_powder 4.6 grams / ustsp +salt 6 g / ustsp +koshersalt 2.8 g / ustsp # Diamond Crystal kosher salt +koshersalt_morton 4.8 g / ustsp # Morton kosher salt + # Values are from the nutrition info + # on the packages + + +# Egg weights and volumes for a USA large egg + +egg 50 grams # without shell +eggwhite 30 grams +eggyolk 18.6 grams +eggvolume 3 ustablespoons + 1|2 ustsp +eggwhitevolume 2 ustablespoons +eggyolkvolume 3.5 ustsp + +# +# Density measures. Density has traditionally been measured on a variety of +# bizarre nonlinear scales. +# + +# Density of a sugar syrup is frequently measured in candy making procedures. +# In the USA the boiling point of the syrup is measured. Some recipes instead +# specify the density using degrees Baume. Conversion between degrees Baume +# and the boiling point measure has proved elusive. One food science text +# claimed that the boiling point elevation formula could be used. This formula +# gives the elevation 1000 (.512) x / (100-x) 342.3 for sucrose. However, +# it disagrees significantly with a table that appeared in another text +# which gave the table below. However, this table cannot be converted reliably +# to a density measure because the brix table stops at 80% concentration. +# +# temp(C) conc (%) +# 100 30 +# 101 40 +# 102 50 +# 103 60 +# 106 70 +# 112 80 +# 123 90 +# 140 95 +# 151 97 +# 160 98.2 +# 166 99.5 +# 171 99.6 +# + +# Degrees Baume is used in European recipes to specify the density of a sugar +# syrup. An entirely different definition is used for densities below +# 1 g/cm^3. An arbitrary constant appears in the definition. This value is +# equal to 145 in the US, but was according to [], the old scale used in +# Holland had a value of 144, and the new scale or Gerlach scale used 146.78. + +baumeconst 144 # US value +baume(d) [1;g/cm^3] (baumeconst/(baumeconst+-d)) g/cm^3 ; \ + (baume+((-g)/cm^3)) baumeconst / baume + +twaddell(x) [1;g/cm^3] (1 + 0.005 x) g / cm^3 ; 200 (twaddell / (g/cm^3) +- 1) + +# The degree quevenne is a unit for measuring the density of milk. +quevenne(x) [1;g/cm^3] (1 + 0.001 x) g / cm^3 ; 1000 (quevenne / (g/cm^3) +- 1) + +# Degrees brix measures sugar concentration by weigh as a percentage, so a +# solution that is 3 degrees brix is 3% sugar by weight. This unit was named +# after Adolf Brix who invented a hydrometer that read this percentage +# directly. This table converts brix to density at 20 degrees Celsius. + +brix[g/cm^3] \ + 0.0 0.9982, 0.5 1.0002, 1.0 1.0021 \ + 1.5 1.0040, 2.0 1.0060, 2.5 1.0079 \ + 3.0 1.0099, 3.5 1.0119, 4.0 1.0139 \ + 5.0 1.0178, 5.5 1.0198, 6.0 1.0218 \ + 6.5 1.0238, 7.0 1.0259, 7.5 1.0279 \ + 8.0 1.0299, 8.5 1.0320, 9.0 1.0340 \ + 9.5 1.0361, 10.0 1.0381, 11.0 1.0423 \ + 12.0 1.0465, 13.0 1.0507, 14.0 1.0549 \ + 15.0 1.0592, 16.0 1.0635, 17.0 1.0678 \ + 18.0 1.0722, 19.0 1.0766, 20.0 1.0810 \ + 22.0 1.0899, 24.0 1.0990, 26.0 1.1082 \ + 28.0 1.1175, 30.0 1.1270, 32.0 1.1366 \ + 34.0 1.1464, 36.0 1.1562, 38.0 1.1663 \ + 40.0 1.1765, 42.0 1.1868, 44.0 1.1972 \ + 46.0 1.2079, 48.0 1.2186, 50.0 1.2295 \ + 52.0 1.2406, 54.0 1.2518, 56.0 1.2632 \ + 58.0 1.2747, 60.0 1.2864, 62.0 1.2983 \ + 64.0 1.3103, 66.0 1.3224, 68.0 1.3348 \ + 70.0 1.3472, 72.0 1.3599, 74.0 1.3726 \ + 76.0 1.3855, 78.0 1.3986, 80.0 1.4117 \ + 82.0 1.4250, 84.0 1.4383 + +# Density measure invented by the American Petroleum Institute. Lighter +# petroleum products are more valuable, and they get a higher API degree. + +apidegree(x) [1;g/cm^3] 141.5 g/cm^3 / (x+131.5) ; \ + 141.5 (g/cm^3) / apidegree + (-131.5) + +# +# Units derived from imperial system +# + +ouncedal oz ft / s^2 # force which accelerates an ounce + # at 1 ft/s^2 +poundal lb ft / s^2 # same thing for a pound +tondal ton ft / s^2 # and for a ton +pdl poundal +osi ounce force / inch^2 # used in aviation +psi pound force / inch^2 +psia psi # absolute pressure +tsi ton force / inch^2 +reyn psi sec +slug lbf s^2 / ft +slugf slug force +slinch lbf s^2 / inch # Mass unit derived from inch second +slinchf slinch force # pound-force system. Used in space + # applications where in/sec^2 was a + # natural acceleration measure. +geepound slug +lbf lb force +tonf ton force +lbm lb +kip 1000 lbf # from kilopound +ksi kip / in^2 +mil 0.001 inch +thou 0.001 inch +circularinch 1|4 pi in^2 # area of a one-inch diameter circle +circleinch circularinch # A circle with diameter d inches has + # an area of d^2 circularinches +cylinderinch circleinch inch # Cylinder h inch tall, d inches diameter + # has volume d^2 h cylinder inches +circularmil 1|4 pi mil^2 # area of one-mil diameter circle +cmil circularmil + +cental 100 pound +centner cental +caliber 0.01 inch # for measuring bullets +duty ft lbf +celo ft / s^2 +jerk ft / s^3 +australiapoint 0.01 inch # The "point" is used to measure rainfall + # in Australia +sabin ft^2 # Measure of sound absorption equal to the + # absorbing power of one square foot of + # a perfectly absorbing material. The + # sound absorptivity of an object is the + # area times a dimensionless + # absorptivity coefficient. +standardgauge 4 ft + 8.5 in # Standard width between railroad track +flag 5 ft^2 # Construction term referring to sidewalk. +rollwallpaper 30 ft^2 # Area of roll of wall paper +fillpower in^3 / ounce # Density of down at standard pressure. + # The best down has 750-800 fillpower. +pinlength 1|16 inch # A #17 pin is 17/16 in long in the USA. +buttonline 1|40 inch # The line was used in 19th century USA + # to measure width of buttons. +scoopnumber /quart # Ice cream scoops are labeled with a + # number specifying how many scoops + # fill a quart. +beespace 1|4 inch # Bees will fill any space that is smaller + # than the bee space and leave open + # spaces that are larger. The size of + # the space varies with species. +diamond 8|5 ft # Marking on US tape measures that is + # useful to carpenters who wish to place + # five studs in an 8 ft distance. Note + # that the numbers appear in red every + # 16 inches as well, giving six + # divisions in 8 feet. +retmaunit 1.75 in # Height of rack mountable equipment. +U retmaunit # Equipment should be 1|32 inch narrower +RU U # than its U measurement indicates to + # allow for clearance, so 4U=(6+31|32)in + # RETMA stands for the former name of + # the standardizing organization, Radio + # Electronics Television Manufacturers + # Association. This organization is now + # called the Electronic Industries + # Alliance (EIA) and the rack standard + # is specified in EIA RS-310-D. + +# +# Other units of work, energy, power, etc +# + +ENERGY joule +WORK joule + +# Calories: energy to raise a gram of water one degree celsius + +cal_IT 4.1868 J # International Table calorie +cal_th 4.184 J # Thermochemical calorie +cal_fifteen 4.18580 J # Energy to go from 14.5 to 15.5 degC +cal_twenty 4.18190 J # Energy to go from 19.5 to 20.5 degC +cal_mean 4.19002 J # 1|100 energy to go from 0 to 100 degC +calorie cal_IT +cal calorie +calorie_IT cal_IT +thermcalorie cal_th +calorie_th thermcalorie +Calorie kilocalorie # the food Calorie +thermie 1e6 cal_fifteen # Heat required to raise the + # temperature of a tonne of + # water from 14.5 to 15.5 degC. + +# btu definitions: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degF + +btu cal lb degF / gram K # international table BTU +britishthermalunit btu +btu_IT btu +btu_th cal_th lb degF / gram K +btu_mean cal_mean lb degF / gram K +quad quadrillion btu + +ECtherm 1.05506e8 J # Exact definition, close to 1e5 btu +UStherm 1.054804e8 J # Exact definition +therm UStherm + +# Energy densities of various fuels +# +# Most of these fuels have varying compositions or qualities and hence their +# actual energy densities vary. These numbers are hence only approximate. +# +# E1. http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/energy_conv.html +# E2. http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm +# E3. http://www.ior.com.au/ecflist.html + +tonoil 1e10 cal_IT # Ton oil equivalent. A conventional + # value for the energy released by +toe tonoil # burning one metric ton of oil. [18,E2] + # Note that energy per mass of petroleum + # products is fairly constant. + # Variations in volumetric energy + # density result from variations in the + # density (kg/m^3) of different fuels. + # This definition is given by the + # IEA/OECD. +toncoal 7e9 cal_IT # Energy in metric ton coal from [18]. + # This is a nominal value which + # is close to the heat content + # of coal used in the 1950's +barreloil 5.8 Mbtu # Conventional value for barrel of crude + # oil [E2]. Actual range is 5.6 - 6.3. +naturalgas_HHV 1027 btu/ft3 # Energy content of natural gas. HHV +naturalgas_LHV 930 btu/ft3 # is for Higher Heating Value and +naturalgas naturalgas_HHV # includes energy from condensation + # combustion products. LHV is for Lower + # Heating Value and excludes these. + # American publications typically report + # HHV whereas European ones report LHV. +charcoal 30 GJ/tonne +woodenergy_dry 20 GJ/tonne # HHV, a cord weights about a tonne +woodenergy_airdry 15 GJ/tonne # 20% moisture content +coal_bituminous 27 GJ / tonne +coal_lignite 15 GJ / tonne +coal_US 22 GJ / ton # Average for US coal (short ton), 1995 +ethanol_HHV 84000 btu/usgallon +ethanol_LHV 75700 btu/usgallon +diesel 130500 btu/usgallon +gasoline_LHV 115000 btu/usgallon +gasoline_HHV 125000 btu/usgallon +gasoline gasoline_HHV +heating 37.3 MJ/liter +fueloil 39.7 MJ/liter # low sulphur +propane 93.3 MJ/m^3 +butane 124 MJ/m^3 + +# These values give total energy from uranium fission. Actual efficiency +# of nuclear power plants is around 30%-40%. Note also that some reactors +# use enriched uranium around 3% U-235. Uranium during processing or use +# may be in a compound of uranium oxide or uranium hexafluoride, in which +# case the energy density would be lower depending on how much uranium is +# in the compound. + +uranium_pure 200 MeV avogadro / (235.0439299 g/mol) # Pure U-235 +uranium_natural 0.7% uranium_pure # Natural uranium: 0.7% U-235 + +# Celsius heat unit: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degC + +celsiusheatunit cal lb degC / gram K +chu celsiusheatunit + +POWER watt + +# The horsepower is supposedly the power of one horse pulling. Obviously +# different people had different horses. + +ushorsepower 550 foot pound force / sec # Invented by James Watt +hp horsepower +metrichorsepower 75 kilogram force meter / sec # PS=Pferdestaerke in +electrichorsepower 746 W # Germany +boilerhorsepower 9809.50 W +waterhorsepower 746.043 W +brhorsepower 745.70 W +donkeypower 250 W +chevalvapeur metrichorsepower + +# Thermal insulance: Thermal conductivity has dimension power per area per +# (temperature difference per length thickness) which comes out to W / K m. If +# the thickness is fixed, then the conductance will have units of W / K m^2. +# Thermal insulance is the reciprocal. + +THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE POWER/AREA (TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE/LENGTH) +THERMAL_INSULANCE 1/THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE +THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE / LENGTH +THERMAL_INSULATION THERMAL_INSULANCE LENGTH +Rvalue degF ft^2 hr / btu +Uvalue 1/Rvalue +europeanUvalue watt / m^2 K +RSI degC m^2 / W +clo 0.155 degC m^2 / W # Supposed to be the insulance + # required to keep a resting person + # comfortable indoors. The value + # given is from NIST and the CRC, + # but [5] gives a slightly different + # value of 0.875 ft^2 degF hr / btu. +tog 0.1 degC m^2 / W # Also used for clothing. + + +# The bel was defined by engineers of Bell Laboratories to describe the +# reduction in audio level over a length of one mile. It was originally +# called the transmission unit (TU) but was renamed around 1923 to honor +# Alexander Graham Bell. The bel proved inconveniently large so the decibel +# has become more common. The decibel is dimensionless since it reports a +# ratio, but it is used in various contexts to report a signal's power +# relative to some reference level. + +bel(x) [1;1] 10^(x); log(bel) # Basic bel definition +decibel(x) [1;1] 10^(x/10); 10 log(decibel) # Basic decibel definition +dB(x) [1;1] 10^(x/10); 10 log(dB) # Abbreviation +dBW(x) [1;W] dB(x) W ; ~dB(dBW/W) # Reference = 1 W +dBk(x) [1;W] dB(x) kW ; ~dB(dBk/kW) # Reference = 1 kW +dBf(x) [1;W] dB(x) fW ; ~dB(dBf/fW) # Reference = 1 fW +dBm(x) [1;W] dB(x) mW ; ~dB(dBm/mW) # Reference = 1 mW +dBmW(x) [1;W] dBm(x) ; ~dBm(dBmW) # Reference = 1 mW + +dBJ(x) [1;J] dB(x) J; ~dB(dBJ/J) # Energy relative to 1 joule + # Used for power spectral density + # since W/Hz = J + +# When used to measure amplitude, voltage, or current the signal is squared +# because power is proportional to the square of these measures. The root +# mean square (RMS) voltage is typically used with these units. + +dBV(x) [1;V] dB(0.5 x) V ; ~dB(dBV^2 / V^2) # Reference = 1 V +dBmV(x) [1;V] dB(0.5 x) mV ; ~dB(dBmV^2 / mV^2) # Reference = 1 mV +dBuV(x) [1;V] dB(0.5 x) microV ; ~dB(dBuV^2 / microV^2) # Ref = 1 microvolt + +# Referenced to the voltage that causes 1 mW dissipation in a 600 ohm load. +# Originally defined as dBv but changed to prevent confusion with dBV. +# The "u" is for unloaded. +dBu(x) [1;V] dB(0.5 x) sqrt(mW 600 ohm) ; ~dB(dBu^2 / mW 600 ohm) +dBv(x) [1;V] dBu(x) ; ~dBu(dBv) # Synonym for dBu + + +# Measurements for sound in air, referenced to the threshold of human hearing +# Note that sound in other media typically uses 1 micropascal as a reference +# for sound pressure. Units dBA, dBB, dBC, refer to different frequency +# weightings meant to approximate the human ear's response. + +dBSPL(x) [1;Pa] dB(0.5 x) 20 microPa ; ~dB(dBSPL^2 / (20 microPa)^2) # pressure +dBSIL(x) [1;W/m^2] dB(x) 1e-12 W/m^2; ~dB(dBSIL / (1e-12 W/m^2)) # intensity +dBSWL(x) [1;W] dB(x) 1e-12 W; ~dB(dBSWL/1e-12 W) + + + +# Misc other measures + +ENTROPY ENERGY / TEMPERATURE +clausius 1e3 cal/K # A unit of physical entropy +langley thermcalorie/cm^2 # Used in radiation theory +poncelet 100 kg force m / s +tonrefrigeration ton 144 btu / lb day # One ton refrigeration is + # the rate of heat extraction required + # turn one ton of water to ice in + # a day. Ice is defined to have a + # latent heat of 144 btu/lb. +tonref tonrefrigeration +refrigeration tonref / ton +frigorie 1000 cal_fifteen# Used in refrigeration engineering. +tnt 1e9 cal_th / ton# So you can write tons-tnt. This + # is a defined, not measured, value. +airwatt 8.5 (ft^3/min) inH2O # Measure of vacuum power as + # pressure times air flow. + +# +# Permeability: The permeability or permeance, n, of a substance determines +# how fast vapor flows through the substance. The formula W = n A dP +# holds where W is the rate of flow (in mass/time), n is the permeability, +# A is the area of the flow path, and dP is the vapor pressure difference. +# + +perm_0C grain / hr ft^2 inHg +perm_zero perm_0C +perm_0 perm_0C +perm perm_0C +perm_23C grain / hr ft^2 in Hg23C +perm_twentythree perm_23C + +# +# Counting measures +# + +pair 2 +brace 2 +nest 3 # often used for items like bowls that + # nest together +hattrick 3 # Used in sports, especially cricket and ice + # hockey to report the number of goals. +dicker 10 +dozen 12 +bakersdozen 13 +score 20 +flock 40 +timer 40 +shock 60 +toncount 100 # Used in sports in the UK +longhundred 120 # From a germanic counting system +gross 144 +greatgross 12 gross +tithe 1|10 # From Anglo-Saxon word for tenth + +# Paper counting measure + +shortquire 24 +quire 25 +shortream 480 +ream 500 +perfectream 516 +bundle 2 reams +bale 5 bundles + +# +# Paper measures +# + +# USA paper sizes + +lettersize 8.5 inch 11 inch +legalsize 8.5 inch 14 inch +ledgersize 11 inch 17 inch +executivesize 7.25 inch 10.5 inch +Apaper 8.5 inch 11 inch +Bpaper 11 inch 17 inch +Cpaper 17 inch 22 inch +Dpaper 22 inch 34 inch +Epaper 34 inch 44 inch + +pointthickness mil + +# The metric paper sizes are defined so that if a sheet is cut in half +# along the short direction, the result is two sheets which are +# similar to the original sheet. This means that for any metric size, +# the long side is close to sqrt(2) times the length of the short +# side. Each series of sizes is generated by repeated cuts in half, +# with the values rounded down to the nearest millimeter. + +A0paper 841 mm 1189 mm # The basic size in the A series +A1paper 594 mm 841 mm # is defined to have an area of +A2paper 420 mm 594 mm # one square meter. +A3paper 297 mm 420 mm +A4paper 210 mm 297 mm +A5paper 148 mm 210 mm +A6paper 105 mm 148 mm +A7paper 74 mm 105 mm +A8paper 52 mm 74 mm +A9paper 37 mm 52 mm +A10paper 26 mm 37 mm + +B0paper 1000 mm 1414 mm # The basic B size has an area +B1paper 707 mm 1000 mm # of sqrt(2) square meters. +B2paper 500 mm 707 mm +B3paper 353 mm 500 mm +B4paper 250 mm 353 mm +B5paper 176 mm 250 mm +B6paper 125 mm 176 mm +B7paper 88 mm 125 mm +B8paper 62 mm 88 mm +B9paper 44 mm 62 mm +B10paper 31 mm 44 mm + +C0paper 917 mm 1297 mm # The basic C size has an area +C1paper 648 mm 917 mm # of sqrt(sqrt(2)) square meters. +C2paper 458 mm 648 mm +C3paper 324 mm 458 mm # Intended for envelope sizes +C4paper 229 mm 324 mm +C5paper 162 mm 229 mm +C6paper 114 mm 162 mm +C7paper 81 mm 114 mm +C8paper 57 mm 81 mm +C9paper 40 mm 57 mm +C10paper 28 mm 40 mm + +# gsm (Grams per Square Meter), a sane, metric paper weight measure + +gsm grams / meter^2 + +# In the USA, a collection of crazy historical paper measures are used. Paper +# is measured as a weight of a ream of that particular type of paper. This is +# sometimes called the "substance" or "basis" (as in "substance 20" paper). +# The standard sheet size or "basis size" varies depending on the type of +# paper. As a result, 20 pound bond paper and 50 pound text paper are actually +# about the same weight. The different sheet sizes were historically the most +# convenient for printing or folding in the different applications. These +# different basis weights are standards maintained by American Society for +# Testing Materials (ASTM) and the American Forest and Paper Association +# (AF&PA). + +poundbookpaper lb / 25 inch 38 inch ream +lbbook poundbookpaper +poundtextpaper poundbookpaper +lbtext poundtextpaper +poundoffsetpaper poundbookpaper # For offset printing +lboffset poundoffsetpaper +poundbiblepaper poundbookpaper # Designed to be lightweight, thin, +lbbible poundbiblepaper # strong and opaque. +poundtagpaper lb / 24 inch 36 inch ream +lbtag poundtagpaper +poundbagpaper poundtagpaper +lbbag poundbagpaper +poundnewsprintpaper poundtagpaper +lbnewsprint poundnewsprintpaper +poundposterpaper poundtagpaper +lbposter poundposterpaper +poundtissuepaper poundtagpaper +lbtissue poundtissuepaper +poundwrappingpaper poundtagpaper +lbwrapping poundwrappingpaper +poundwaxingpaper poundtagpaper +lbwaxing poundwaxingpaper +poundglassinepaper poundtagpaper +lbglassine poundglassinepaper +poundcoverpaper lb / 20 inch 26 inch ream +lbcover poundcoverpaper +poundindexpaper lb / 25.5 inch 30.5 inch ream +lbindex poundindexpaper +poundindexbristolpaper poundindexpaper +lbindexbristol poundindexpaper +poundbondpaper lb / 17 inch 22 inch ream # Bond paper is stiff and +lbbond poundbondpaper # durable for repeated +poundwritingpaper poundbondpaper # filing, and it resists +lbwriting poundwritingpaper # ink penetration. +poundledgerpaper poundbondpaper +lbledger poundledgerpaper +poundcopypaper poundbondpaper +lbcopy poundcopypaper +poundblottingpaper lb / 19 inch 24 inch ream +lbblotting poundblottingpaper +poundblankspaper lb / 22 inch 28 inch ream +lbblanks poundblankspaper +poundpostcardpaper lb / 22.5 inch 28.5 inch ream +lbpostcard poundpostcardpaper +poundweddingbristol poundpostcardpaper +lbweddingbristol poundweddingbristol +poundbristolpaper poundweddingbristol +lbbristol poundbristolpaper +poundboxboard lb / 1000 ft^2 +lbboxboard poundboxboard +poundpaperboard poundboxboard +lbpaperboard poundpaperboard + +# When paper is marked in units of M, it means the weight of 1000 sheets of the +# given size of paper. To convert this to paper weight, divide by the size of +# the paper in question. + +paperM lb / 1000 + +# In addition paper weight is reported in "caliper" which is simply the +# thickness of one sheet, typically in inches. Thickness is also reported in +# "points" where a point is 1|1000 inch. These conversions are supplied to +# convert these units roughly (using an approximate density) into the standard +# paper weight values. + +paperdensity 0.8 g/cm^3 # approximate--paper densities vary! +papercaliper in paperdensity +paperpoint 0.001 in paperdensity + +# +# Printing +# + +fournierpoint 0.1648 inch / 12 # First definition of the printers + # point made by Pierre Fournier who + # defined it in 1737 as 1|12 of a + # cicero which was 0.1648 inches. +olddidotpoint 1|72 frenchinch # François Ambroise Didot, one of + # a family of printers, changed + # Fournier's definition around 1770 + # to fit to the French units then in + # use. +bertholdpoint 1|2660 m # H. Berthold tried to create a + # metric version of the didot point + # in 1878. +INpoint 0.4 mm # This point was created by a + # group directed by Fermin Didot in + # 1881 and is associated with the + # imprimerie nationale. It doesn't + # seem to have been used much. +germandidotpoint 0.376065 mm # Exact definition appears in DIN + # 16507, a German standards document + # of 1954. Adopted more broadly in + # 1966 by ??? +metricpoint 3|8 mm # Proposed in 1977 by Eurograf +oldpoint 1|72.27 inch # The American point was invented +printerspoint oldpoint # by Nelson Hawks in 1879 and +texpoint oldpoint # dominates USA publishing. + # It was standardized by the American + # Typefounders Association at the + # value of 0.013837 inches exactly. + # Knuth uses the approximation given + # here (which is very close). The + # comp.fonts FAQ claims that this + # value is supposed to be 1|12 of a + # pica where 83 picas is equal to 35 + # cm. But this value differs from + # the standard. +texscaledpoint 1|65536 texpoint # The TeX typesetting system uses +texsp texscaledpoint # this for all computations. +computerpoint 1|72 inch # The American point was rounded +point computerpoint +computerpica 12 computerpoint # to an even 1|72 inch by computer +postscriptpoint computerpoint # people at some point. +pspoint postscriptpoint +twip 1|20 point # TWentieth of an Imperial Point +Q 1|4 mm # Used in Japanese phototypesetting + # Q is for quarter +frenchprinterspoint olddidotpoint +didotpoint germandidotpoint # This seems to be the dominant value +europeanpoint didotpoint # for the point used in Europe +cicero 12 didotpoint + +stick 2 inches + +# Type sizes + +excelsior 3 oldpoint +brilliant 3.5 oldpoint +diamondtype 4 oldpoint +pearl 5 oldpoint +agate 5.5 oldpoint # Originally agate type was 14 lines per + # inch, giving a value of 1|14 in. +ruby agate # British +nonpareil 6 oldpoint +mignonette 6.5 oldpoint +emerald mignonette # British +minion 7 oldpoint +brevier 8 oldpoint +bourgeois 9 oldpoint +longprimer 10 oldpoint +smallpica 11 oldpoint +pica 12 oldpoint +english 14 oldpoint +columbian 16 oldpoint +greatprimer 18 oldpoint +paragon 20 oldpoint +meridian 44 oldpoint +canon 48 oldpoint + +# German type sizes + +nonplusultra 2 didotpoint +brillant 3 didotpoint +diamant 4 didotpoint +perl 5 didotpoint +nonpareille 6 didotpoint +kolonel 7 didotpoint +petit 8 didotpoint +borgis 9 didotpoint +korpus 10 didotpoint +corpus korpus +garamond korpus +mittel 14 didotpoint +tertia 16 didotpoint +text 18 didotpoint +kleine_kanon 32 didotpoint +kanon 36 didotpoint +grobe_kanon 42 didotpoint +missal 48 didotpoint +kleine_sabon 72 didotpoint +grobe_sabon 84 didotpoint + +# +# Information theory units. Note that the name "entropy" is used both +# to measure information and as a physical quantity. +# + +INFORMATION bit + +nat ln(2) bits # Entropy measured base e +hartley log2(10) bits # Entropy of a uniformly + # distributed random variable + # over 10 symbols. +# +# Computer +# + +bps bit/sec # Sometimes the term "baud" is + # incorrectly used to refer to + # bits per second. Baud refers + # to symbols per second. Modern + # modems transmit several bits + # per symbol. +byte 8 bit # Not all machines had 8 bit +B byte # bytes, but these days most of + # them do. But beware: for + # transmission over modems, a + # few extra bits are used so + # there are actually 10 bits per + # byte. +octet 8 bits # The octet is always 8 bits +nybble 4 bits # Half of a byte. Sometimes + # equal to different lengths + # such as 3 bits. +nibble nybble +nyp 2 bits # Donald Knuth asks in an exercise + # for a name for a 2 bit + # quantity and gives the "nyp" + # as a solution due to Gregor + # Purdy. Not in common use. +meg megabyte # Some people consider these + # units along with the kilobyte +gig gigabyte # to be defined according to + # powers of 2 with the kilobyte + # equal to 2^10 bytes, the + # megabyte equal to 2^20 bytes and + # the gigabyte equal to 2^30 bytes + # but these usages are forbidden + # by SI. Binary prefixes have + # been defined by IEC to replace + # the SI prefixes. Use them to + # get the binary values: KiB, MiB, + # and GiB. +jiffy 0.01 sec # This is defined in the Jargon File +jiffies jiffy # (http://www.jargon.org) as being the + # duration of a clock tick for measuring + # wall-clock time. Supposedly the value + # used to be 1|60 sec or 1|50 sec + # depending on the frequency of AC power, + # but then 1|100 sec became more common. + # On linux systems, this term is used and + # for the Intel based chips, it does have + # the value of .01 sec. The Jargon File + # also lists two other definitions: + # millisecond, and the time taken for + # light to travel one foot. +cdaudiospeed 44.1 kHz 2*16 bits # CD audio data rate at 44.1 kHz with 2 + # samples of sixteen bits each. +cdromspeed 75 2048 bytes / sec # For data CDs (mode1) 75 sectors are read + # each second with 2048 bytes per sector. + # Audio CDs do not have sectors, but + # people sometimes divide the bit rate by + # 75 and claim a sector length of 2352. + # Data CDs have a lower rate due to + # increased error correction overhead. + # There is a rarely used mode (mode2) with + # 2336 bytes per sector that has fewer + # error correction bits than mode1. +dvdspeed 1385 kB/s # This is the "1x" speed of a DVD using + # constant linear velocity (CLV) mode. + # Modern DVDs may vary the linear velocity + # as they go from the inside to the + # outside of the disc. + # See http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa4.htm + + +# +# Musical measures. Musical intervals expressed as ratios. Multiply +# two intervals together to get the sum of the interval. The function +# musicalcent can be used to convert ratios to cents. +# + +# Perfect intervals + +octave 2 +majorsecond musicalfifth^2 / octave +majorthird 5|4 +minorthird 6|5 +musicalfourth 4|3 +musicalfifth 3|2 +majorsixth musicalfourth majorthird +minorsixth musicalfourth minorthird +majorseventh musicalfifth majorthird +minorseventh musicalfifth minorthird + +pythagoreanthird majorsecond musicalfifth^2 / octave +syntoniccomma pythagoreanthird / majorthird +pythagoreancomma musicalfifth^12 / octave^7 + +# Equal tempered definitions + +semitone octave^(1|12) +musicalcent(x) [1;1] semitone^(x/100) ; 100 log(musicalcent)/log(semitone) + +# +# Musical note lengths. +# + +wholenote ! +MUSICAL_NOTE_LENGTH wholenote +halfnote 1|2 wholenote +quarternote 1|4 wholenote +eighthnote 1|8 wholenote +sixteenthnote 1|16 wholenote +thirtysecondnote 1|32 wholenote +sixtyfourthnote 1|64 wholenote +dotted 3|2 +doubledotted 7|4 +breve doublewholenote +semibreve wholenote +minimnote halfnote +crotchet quarternote +quaver eighthnote +semiquaver sixteenthnote +demisemiquaver thirtysecondnote +hemidemisemiquaver sixtyfourthnote +semidemisemiquaver hemidemisemiquaver + +# +# yarn and cloth measures +# + +# yarn linear density + +woolyarnrun 1600 yard/pound # 1600 yds of "number 1 yarn" weighs + # a pound. +yarncut 300 yard/pound # Less common system used in + # Pennsylvania for wool yarn +cottonyarncount 840 yard/pound +linenyarncount 300 yard/pound # Also used for hemp and ramie +worstedyarncount 1680 ft/pound +metricyarncount meter/gram +denier 1|9 tex # used for silk and rayon +manchesteryarnnumber drams/1000 yards # old system used for silk +pli lb/in +typp 1000 yd/lb # abbreviation for Thousand Yard Per Pound +asbestoscut 100 yd/lb # used for glass and asbestos yarn + +tex gram / km # rational metric yarn measure, meant +drex 0.1 tex # to be used for any kind of yarn +poumar lb / 1e6 yard + +# yarn and cloth length + +skeincotton 80*54 inch # 80 turns of thread on a reel with a + # 54 in circumference (varies for other + # kinds of thread) +cottonbolt 120 ft # cloth measurement +woolbolt 210 ft +bolt cottonbolt +heer 600 yards +cut 300 yards # used for wet-spun linen yarn +lea 300 yards + +sailmakersyard 28.5 in +sailmakersounce oz / sailmakersyard 36 inch + +silkmomme momme / 25 yards 1.49 inch # Traditional silk weight +silkmm silkmomme # But it is also defined as + # lb/100 yd 45 inch. The two + # definitions are slightly different + # and neither one seems likely to be + # the true source definition. + +# +# drug dosage +# + +mcg microgram # Frequently used for vitamins +iudiptheria 62.8 microgram # IU is for international unit +iupenicillin 0.6 microgram +iuinsulin 41.67 microgram +drop 1|20 ml # The drop was an old "unit" that was + # replaced by the minim. But I was + # told by a pharmacist that in his + # profession, the conversion of 20 + # drops per ml is actually used. +bloodunit 450 ml # For whole blood. For blood + # components, a blood unit is the + # quanity of the component found in a + # blood unit of whole blood. The + # human body contains about 12 blood + # units of whole blood. + +# +# misc medical measure +# + +frenchcathetersize 1|3 mm # measure used for the outer diameter + # of a catheter + + +# +# fixup units for times when prefix handling doesn't do the job +# + +hectare hectoare +megohm megaohm +kilohm kiloohm +microhm microohm +megalerg megaerg # 'L' added to make it pronounceable [18]. + +# +# Money +# +# Note that US$ is the primitive unit so other currencies are +# generally given in US$. +# + +$ dollar +mark germanymark +bolivar venezuelabolivar +bolivarfuerte bolivar # The currency was revalued by +oldbolivar 1|1000 bolivar # a factor of 1000. +peseta spainpeseta +rand southafricarand +escudo portugalescudo +guilder netherlandsguilder +hollandguilder netherlandsguilder +peso mexicopeso +yen japanyen +lira italylira +rupee indiarupee +drachma greecedrachma +franc francefranc +markka finlandmarkka +britainpound greatbritainpound +poundsterling britainpound +yuan chinayuan + +# Some European currencies have permanent fixed exchange rates with +# the Euro. These rates were taken from the EC's web site: +# http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/adoption/conversion/index_en.htm + +austriaschilling 1|13.7603 euro +belgiumfranc 1|40.3399 euro +estoniakroon 1|15.6466 euro # Equal to 1|8 germanymark +finlandmarkka 1|5.94573 euro +francefranc 1|6.55957 euro +germanymark 1|1.95583 euro +greecedrachma 1|340.75 euro +irelandpunt 1|0.787564 euro +italylira 1|1936.27 euro +luxembourgfranc 1|40.3399 euro +netherlandsguilder 1|2.20371 euro +portugalescudo 1|200.482 euro +spainpeseta 1|166.386 euro +cypruspound 1|0.585274 euro +maltalira 1|0.429300 euro +sloveniatolar 1|239.640 euro +slovakiakoruna 1|30.1260 euro + +# Currencey exchange rates for 10 Feb 2010 + +unitedarabemiratesdirham 0.2722 US$ +afghanistanafghani 0.02224 US$ +albanialek 0.009902 US$ +armeniadram 0.00264 US$ +netherlandsantillesguilder 0.5587 US$ +angolakwanza 0.01108 US$ +argentinapeso 0.2603 US$ +australiadollar 0.8855 US$ +arubaguilders 0.5587 US$ +azerbaijannewmanat 1.2449 US$ +bosniamarka 0.7028 US$ +barbadosdollar 0.4988 US$ +bangladeshtaka 0.01445 US$ +bulgarialev 0.7 US$ +bahraindinar 2.652 US$ +burundifranc 0.000823 US$ +bermudadollar 1 US$ +bruneidollar 0.7066 US$ +boliviaboliviano 0.1425 US$ +brazilreal 0.5404 US$ +bahamasdollar 1 US$ +bhutanngultrum 0.02151 US$ +botswanapula 0.1455 US$ +belarusruble 0.000345 US$ +belizedollar 0.5128 US$ +canadadollar 0.9444 US$ +congofranc 0.001099 US$ +switzerlandfranc 0.9391 US$ +chilepeso 0.001871 US$ +chinayuan 0.1465 US$ +colombiapeso 0.000511 US$ +costaricacolon 0.001803 US$ +cubapeso 1 US$ +capeverdeescudo 0.01351 US$ +czechkoruny 5.2772 US$ +djiboutifranc 0.005595 US$ +denmarkkroner 18.498 US$ +dominicanrepublicpeso 0.02755 US$ +algeriadinar 0.01371 US$ +egyptpound 0.1822 US$ +eritreanakfa 0.06622 US$ +ethiopiabirr 0.07469 US$ +euro 1.3774 US$ +fijidollar 0.5099 US$ +falklandislandspound 1.5628 US$ +greatbritainpound 1.5626 US$ +georgialari 0.5856 US$ +ghanacedi 0.703 US$ +gibraltarpound 1.5628 US$ +gambiadalasi 0.03737 US$ +guineafranc 0.000199 US$ +guatemalaquetzal 0.1221 US$ +guyanadollar 0.004862 US$ +hongkongdollar 0.1287 US$ +honduraslempira 0.05292 US$ +croatiakuna 0.1883 US$ +haitigourdes 0.02516 US$ +hungaryforint 0.005075 US$ +indonesiarupiah 0.01068 US$ +israelnewshekel 0.2667 US$ +indiarupee 0.02157 US$ +iraqdinar 0.000858 US$ +iranrial 0.000102 US$ +icelandkrona 0.007822 US$ +jamaicadollar 0.01122 US$ +jordandinar 1.4085 US$ +japanyen 0.0111 US$ +kenyashilling 0.0131 US$ +kyrgyzstansom 0.02239 US$ +cambodiariel 0.00024 US$ +comorosfranc 0.002799 US$ +northkoreawon 0.001111 US$ +kuwaitdinar 3.4697 US$ +caymanislandsdollar 1.2183 US$ +kazakhstantenge 0.006747 US$ +laoskip 0.000118 US$ +lebanonpound 0.000666 US$ +srilankarupee 0.008715 US$ +liberiadollar 0.01405 US$ +lesothomaloti 0.1297 US$ +lithuanialitai 0.399 US$ +latvialatas 1.9421 US$ +libyadinar 0.7977 US$ +moroccodirham 0.1226 US$ +moldovaleu 0.07803 US$ +madagascarariary 0.000468 US$ +macedoniadenar 0.02231 US$ +myanmarkyat 0.1536 US$ +mongoliatugrik 0.000693 US$ +macaupataca 0.125 US$ +mauritaniaouguiya 0.003824 US$ +mauritiusrupee 0.03279 US$ +maldivesrufiyaa 0.07813 US$ +malawikwacha 0.006632 US$ +mexicopeso 0.07639 US$ +malaysiaringgit 0.2921 US$ +mozambiquemeticai 0.0316 US$ +namibiadollar 0.1296 US$ +nigerianaira 0.006631 US$ +nicaraguacordoba 0.0477 US$ +norwaykrone 0.1695 US$ +nepalnepalrupee 0.01342 US$ +newzealanddollar 0.6967 US$ +omanrial 2.5971 US$ +panamabalboa 1 US$ +perusol 0.3486 US$ +papuanewguineakina 0.3754 US$ +philippinespeso 0.02157 US$ +pakistanrupee 0.01179 US$ +polandzloty 0.3389 US$ +paraguayguarani 0.000213 US$ +qatarrial 0.2747 US$ +romanialeu 0.3338 US$ +serbiadinar 0.01393 US$ +russiaruble 0.03304 US$ +rwandafranc 0.001745 US$ +saudiarabiariyal 0.2667 US$ +solomonislandsdollar 0.1273 US$ +seychellesrupee 0.08753 US$ +sudanpound 0.4464 US$ +swedenkronor 13.719 US$ +singaporedollar 0.7065 US$ +sainthelenapound 1.5627 US$ +sierraleoneleone 0.000255 US$ +somaliashilling 0.000669 US$ +surinamedollar 0.3635 US$ +saotomedobra 6.427e-05 US$ +elsalvadorcolon 0.1143 US$ +syriapound 0.02179 US$ +swazilandemalangeni 0.1297 US$ +thailandbaht 0.03016 US$ +tajikistansomoni 0.229 US$ +tunisiadinar 0.7275 US$ +tongapa'anga 0.517 US$ +turkeynewlira 0.6597 US$ +trinidadandtobagodollar 0.1579 US$ +taiwandollars 0.03119 US$ +tanzaniashilling 0.000741 US$ +ukrainehryvnia 0.1239 US$ +ugandashilling 0.000505 US$ +unitedstatesdollar 1 US$ +uruguaypeso 0.05079 US$ +uzbekistansum 0.000653 US$ +venezuelabolivar 0.233 US$ +vietnamdong 5.4e-05 US$ +vanuatuvatu 0.01008 US$ +samoatala 0.3885 US$ +silverounce 13.344 US$ +goldounce 1076.6 US$ +eastcaribbeandollar 0.3824 US$ +palladiumounce 207.4 US$ +platinumounce 1117.7 US$ +yemenrial 0.004855 US$ +southafricarand 0.1297 US$ +zambiakwacha 0.000214 US$ +zimbabwedollar 0.002641 US$ + +# ISO Currency Codes + +AED unitedarabemiratesdirham +AFN afghanistanafghani +ALL albanialek +AMD armeniadram +ANG netherlandsantillesguilder +AOA angolakwanza +ARS argentinapeso +AUD australiadollar +AWG arubaguilders +AZN azerbaijannewmanat +BAM bosniamarka +BBD barbadosdollar +BDT bangladeshtaka +BGN bulgarialev +BHD bahraindinar +BIF burundifranc +BMD bermudadollar +BND bruneidollar +BOB boliviaboliviano +BRL brazilreal +BSD bahamasdollar +BTN bhutanngultrum +BWP botswanapula +BYR belarusruble +BZD belizedollar +CAD canadadollar +CDF congofranc +CHF switzerlandfranc +CLP chilepeso +CNY chinayuan +COP colombiapeso +CRC costaricacolon +CUP cubapeso +CVE capeverdeescudo +CZK czechkoruny +DJF djiboutifranc +DKK denmarkkroner +DOP dominicanrepublicpeso +DZD algeriadinar +EEK estoniakroon +EGP egyptpound +ERN eritreanakfa +ETB ethiopiabirr +EUR euro +FJD fijidollar +FKP falklandislandspound +GBP greatbritainpound +GEL georgialari +GHS ghanacedi +GIP gibraltarpound +GMD gambiadalasi +GNF guineafranc +GTQ guatemalaquetzal +GYD guyanadollar +HKD hongkongdollar +HNL honduraslempira +HRK croatiakuna +HTG haitigourdes +HUF hungaryforint +IDR indonesiarupiah +ILS israelnewshekel +INR indiarupee +IQD iraqdinar +IRR iranrial +ISK icelandkrona +JMD jamaicadollar +JOD jordandinar +JPY japanyen +KES kenyashilling +KGS kyrgyzstansom +KHR cambodiariel +KMF comorosfranc +KPW northkoreawon +KWD kuwaitdinar +KYD caymanislandsdollar +KZT kazakhstantenge +LAK laoskip +LBP lebanonpound +LKR srilankarupee +LRD liberiadollar +LSL lesothomaloti +LTL lithuanialitai +LVL latvialatas +LYD libyadinar +MAD moroccodirham +MDL moldovaleu +MGA madagascarariary +MKD macedoniadenar +MMK myanmarkyat +MNT mongoliatugrik +MOP macaupataca +MRO mauritaniaouguiya +MUR mauritiusrupee +MVR maldivesrufiyaa +MWK malawikwacha +MXN mexicopeso +MYR malaysiaringgit +MZN mozambiquemeticai +NAD namibiadollar +NGN nigerianaira +NIO nicaraguacordoba +NOK norwaykrone +NPR nepalnepalrupee +NZD newzealanddollar +OMR omanrial +PAB panamabalboa +PEN perusol +PGK papuanewguineakina +PHP philippinespeso +PKR pakistanrupee +PLN polandzloty +PYG paraguayguarani +QAR qatarrial +RON romanialeu +RSD serbiadinar +RUB russiaruble +RWF rwandafranc +SAR saudiarabiariyal +SBD solomonislandsdollar +SCR seychellesrupee +SDG sudanpound +SEK swedenkronor +SGD singaporedollar +SHP sainthelenapound +SLL sierraleoneleone +SOS somaliashilling +SRD surinamedollar +STD saotomedobra +SVC elsalvadorcolon +SYP syriapound +SZL swazilandemalangeni +THB thailandbaht +TJS tajikistansomoni +TND tunisiadinar +TOP tongapa'anga +TRY turkeynewlira +TTD trinidadandtobagodollar +TWD taiwandollars +TZS tanzaniashilling +UAH ukrainehryvnia +UGX ugandashilling +USD unitedstatesdollar +UYU uruguaypeso +UZS uzbekistansum +VEF venezuelabolivar # bolivar fuerte +VND vietnamdong +VUV vanuatuvatu +WST samoatala +XAG silverounce +XAU goldounce +XCD eastcaribbeandollar +XPD palladiumounce +XPT platinumounce +YER yemenrial +ZAR southafricarand +ZMK zambiakwacha +ZWD zimbabwedollar + +# Precious metals + +silverprice silverounce / troyounce +goldprice goldounce / troyounce +palladiumprice palladiumounce / troyounce +platinumprice platinumounce / troyounce + + +UKP GBP # Not an ISO code, but looks like one, and + # sometimes used on usenet. +VEB 1|1000 VEF # old venezuelan bolivar + + + + +# Money on the gold standard, used in the late 19th century and early +# 20th century. + +olddollargold 23.22 grains goldprice # Used until 1934 +newdollargold 96|7 grains goldprice # After Jan 31, 1934 +dollargold newdollargold +poundgold 113 grains goldprice + +# Nominal masses of US coins. Note that dimes, quarters and half dollars +# have weight proportional to value. Before 1965 it was $40 / kg. + +USpennyweight 2.5 grams # Since 1982, 48 grains before +USnickelweight 5 grams +USdimeweight 10 cents / (20 US$ / lb) # Since 1965 +USquarterweight 25 cents / (20 US$ / lb) # Since 1965 +UShalfdollarweight 50 cents / (20 US$ / lb) # Since 1971 +USdollarmass 8.1 grams + +# British currency + +quid britainpound # Slang names +fiver 5 quid +tenner 10 quid +monkey 500 quid +brgrand 1000 quid +bob shilling + +shilling 1|20 britainpound # Before decimalisation, there +oldpence 1|12 shilling # were 20 shillings to a pound, +farthing 1|4 oldpence # each of twelve old pence +guinea 21 shilling # Still used in horse racing +crown 5 shilling +florin 2 shilling +groat 4 oldpence +tanner 6 oldpence +brpenny 0.01 britainpound +pence brpenny +tuppence 2 pence +tuppenny tuppence +ha'penny halfbrpenny +hapenny ha'penny +oldpenny oldpence +oldtuppence 2 oldpence +oldtuppenny oldtuppence +threepence 3 oldpence # threepence never refers to new money +threepenny threepence +oldthreepence threepence +oldthreepenny threepence +oldhalfpenny halfoldpenny +oldha'penny oldhalfpenny +oldhapenny oldha'penny +brpony 25 britainpound + +# Canadian currency + +loony 1 canadadollar # This coin depicts a loon +toony 2 canadadollar + +# +# Units used for measuring volume of wood +# + +cord 4*4*8 ft^3 # 4 ft by 4 ft by 8 ft bundle of wood +facecord 1|2 cord +cordfoot 1|8 cord # One foot long section of a cord +cordfeet cordfoot +housecord 1|3 cord # Used to sell firewood for residences, + # often confusingly called a "cord" +boardfoot ft^2 inch # Usually 1 inch thick wood +boardfeet boardfoot +fbm boardfoot # feet board measure +stack 4 yard^3 # British, used for firewood and coal [18] +rick 4 ft 8 ft 16 inches # Stack of firewood, supposedly + # sometimes called a face cord, but this + # value is equal to 1|3 cord. Name + # comes from an old Norse word for a + # stack of wood. +stere m^3 +timberfoot ft^3 # Used for measuring solid blocks of wood +standard 120 12 ft 11 in 1.5 in # This is the St Petersburg or + # Pittsburg standard. Apparently the + # term is short for "standard hundred" + # which was meant to refer to 100 pieces + # of wood (deals). However, this + # particular standard is equal to 120 + # deals which are 12 ft by 11 in by 1.5 + # inches (not the standard deal). + +# In Britain, the deal is apparently any piece of wood over 6 feet long, over +# 7 wide and 2.5 inches thick. The OED doesn't give a standard size. A piece +# of wood less than 7 inches wide is called a "batten". This unit is now used +# exclusively for fir and pine. + +deal 12 ft 11 in 2.5 in # The standard North American deal [OED] +wholedeal 12 ft 11 in 1.25 in # If it's half as thick as the standard + # deal it's called a "whole deal"! +splitdeal 12 ft 11 in 5|8 in # And half again as thick is a split deal. + + +# +# Gas and Liquid flow units +# + +FLUID_FLOW VOLUME / TIME + +# Some obvious volumetric gas flow units (cu is short for cubic) + +cumec m^3/s +cusec ft^3/s + +# Conventional abbreviations for fluid flow units + +gph gal/hr +gpm gal/min +mgd megagal/day +cfs ft^3/s +cfh ft^3/hour +cfm ft^3/min +lpm liter/min +lfm ft/min # Used to report air flow produced by fans. + # Multiply by cross sectional area to get a + # flow in cfm. + +pru mmHg / (ml/min) # peripheral resistance unit, used in + # medicine to assess blood flow in + # the capillaries. + +# Miner's inch: This is an old historic unit used in the Western United +# States. It is generally defined as the rate of flow through a one square +# inch hole at a specified depth such as 4 inches. In the late 19th century, +# volume of water was sometimes measured in the "24 hour inch". Values for the +# miner's inch were fixed by state statues. (This information is from a web +# site operated by the Nevada Division of Water Planning: The Water Words +# Dictionary at http://www.state.nv.us/cnr/ndwp/dict-1/waterwds.htm.) + +minersinchAZ 1.5 ft^3/min +minersinchCA 1.5 ft^3/min +minersinchMT 1.5 ft^3/min +minersinchNV 1.5 ft^3/min +minersinchOR 1.5 ft^3/min +minersinchID 1.2 ft^3/min +minersinchKS 1.2 ft^3/min +minersinchNE 1.2 ft^3/min +minersinchNM 1.2 ft^3/min +minersinchND 1.2 ft^3/min +minersinchSD 1.2 ft^3/min +minersinchUT 1.2 ft^3/min +minersinchCO 1 ft^3/sec / 38.4 # 38.4 miner's inches = 1 ft^3/sec +minersinchBC 1.68 ft^3/min # British Columbia + +# Oceanographic flow + +sverdrup 1e6 m^3 / sec # Used to express flow of ocean + # currents. Named after Norwegian + # oceanographer H. Sverdrup. + +# In vacuum science and some other applications, gas flow is measured +# as the product of volumetric flow and pressure. This is useful +# because it makes it easy to compare with the flow at standard +# pressure (one atmosphere). It also directly relates to the number +# of gas molecules per unit time, and hence to the mass flow if the +# molecular mass is known. + +GAS_FLOW PRESSURE FLUID_FLOW + +sccm atm cc/min # 's' is for "standard" to indicate +sccs atm cc/sec # flow at standard pressure +scfh atm ft^3/hour # +scfm atm ft^3/min +slpm atm liter/min +slph atm liter/hour +lusec liter micron Hg / s # Used in vacuum science + +# +# Wire Gauge +# +# This area is a nightmare with huge charts of wire gauge diameters +# that usually have no clear origin. There are at least 5 competing wire gauge +# systems to add to the confusion. The use of wire gauge is related to the +# manufacturing method: a metal rod is heated and drawn through a hole. The +# size change can't be too big. To get smaller wires, the process is repeated +# with a series of smaller holes. Generally larger gauges mean smaller wires. +# The gauges often have values such as "00" and "000" which are larger sizes +# than simply "0" gauge. In the tables that appear below, these gauges must be +# specified as negative numbers (e.g. "00" is -1, "000" is -2, etc). +# Alternatively, you can use the following units: +# + +g00 (-1) +g000 (-2) +g0000 (-3) +g00000 (-4) +g000000 (-5) +g0000000 (-6) + +# American Wire Gauge (AWG) or Brown & Sharpe Gauge appears to be the most +# important gauge. ASTM B-258 specifies that this gauge is based on geometric +# interpolation between gauge 0000, which is 0.46 inches exactly, and gauge 36 +# which is 0.005 inches exactly. Therefore, the diameter in inches of a wire +# is given by the formula 1|200 92^((36-g)/39). Note that 92^(1/39) is close +# to 2^(1/6), so diameter is approximately halved for every 6 gauges. For the +# repeated zero values, use negative numbers in the formula. The same document +# also specifies rounding rules which seem to be ignored by makers of tables. +# Gauges up to 44 are to be specified with up to 4 significant figures, but no +# closer than 0.0001 inch. Gauges from 44 to 56 are to be rounded to the +# nearest 0.00001 inch. +# +# In addition to being used to measure wire thickness, this gauge is used to +# measure the thickness of sheets of aluminum, copper, and most metals other +# than steel, iron and zinc. + +wiregauge(g) [;m] 1|200 92^((36+(-g))/39) in;36+(-39)ln(200 wiregauge/in)/ln(92) + +# Next we have the SWG, the Imperial or British Standard Wire Gauge. This one +# is piecewise linear. It was used for aluminum sheets. + +brwiregauge[in] \ + -6 0.5 \ + -5 0.464 \ + -3 0.4 \ + -2 0.372 \ + 3 0.252 \ + 6 0.192 \ + 10 0.128 \ + 14 0.08 \ + 19 0.04 \ + 23 0.024 \ + 26 0.018 \ + 28 0.0148 \ + 30 0.0124 \ + 39 0.0052 \ + 49 0.0012 \ + 50 0.001 + +# The following is from the Appendix to ASTM B 258 +# +# For example, in U.S. gage, the standard for sheet metal is based on the +# weight of the metal, not on the thickness. 16-gage is listed as +# approximately .0625 inch thick and 40 ounces per square foot (the original +# standard was based on wrought iron at .2778 pounds per cubic inch; steel +# has almost entirely superseded wrought iron for sheet use, at .2833 pounds +# per cubic inch). Smaller numbers refer to greater thickness. There is no +# formula for converting gage to thickness or weight. +# +# It's rather unclear from the passage above whether the plate gauge values are +# therefore wrong if steel is being used. Reference [15] states that steel is +# in fact measured using this gauge (under the name Manufacturers' Standard +# Gauge) with a density of 501.84 lb/ft3 = 0.2904 lb/in3 used for steel. +# But this doesn't seem to be the correct density of steel (.2833 lb/in3 is +# closer). +# +# This gauge was established in 1893 for purposes of taxation. + +# Old plate gauge for iron + +plategauge[(oz/ft^2)/(480*lb/ft^3)] \ + -5 300 \ + 1 180 \ + 14 50 \ + 16 40 \ + 17 36 \ + 20 24 \ + 26 12 \ + 31 7 \ + 36 4.5 \ + 38 4 + +# Manufacturers Standard Gage + +stdgauge[(oz/ft^2)/(501.84*lb/ft^3)] \ + -5 300 \ + 1 180 \ + 14 50 \ + 16 40 \ + 17 36 \ + 20 24 \ + 26 12 \ + 31 7 \ + 36 4.5 \ + 38 4 + +# A special gauge is used for zinc sheet metal. Notice that larger gauges +# indicate thicker sheets. + +zincgauge[in] \ + 1 0.002 \ + 10 0.02 \ + 15 0.04 \ + 19 0.06 \ + 23 0.1 \ + 24 0.125 \ + 27 0.5 \ + 28 1 + +# +# Screw sizes +# +# In the USA, screw diameters are reported using a gauge number. +# Metric screws are reported as Mxx where xx is the diameter in mm. +# + +screwgauge(g) [;m] (.06 + .013 g) in ; (screwgauge/in + (-.06)) / .013 + +# +# Abrasive grit size +# +# Standards governing abrasive grit sizes are complicated, specifying +# fractions of particles that are passed or retained by different mesh +# sizes. As a result, it is not possible to make precise comparisons +# of different grit standards. The tables below allow the +# determination of rough equivlants by using median particle size. +# +# Standards in the USA are determined by the Unified Abrasives +# Manufacturers' Association (UAMA), which resulted from the merger of +# several previous organizations. One of the old organizations was +# CAMI (Coated Abrasives Manufacturers' Institute). +# +# UAMA has a web page with plots showing abrasve particle ranges for +# various different grits and comparisons between standards. +# +# http://www.uama.org/Abrasives101/101Standards.html +# +# Abrasives are grouped into "bonded" abrasives for use with grinding +# wheels and "coated" abrasives for sandpapers and abrasive films. +# The industry uses different grit standards for these two +# categories. +# +# Another division is between "macrogrits", grits below 240 and +# "microgrits", which are above 240. Standards differ, as do methods +# for determining particle size. In the USA, ANSI B74.12 is the +# standard governing macrogrits. ANSI B74.10 covers bonded microgrit +# abrasives, and ANSI B74.18 covers coated microgrit abrasives. It +# appears that the coated standard is identical to the bonded standard +# for grits up through 600 but then diverges significantly. +# +# European grit sizes are determined by the Federation of European +# Producers of Abrasives. http://www.fepa-abrasives.org +# +# They give two standards, the "F" grit for bonded abrasives and the +# "P" grit for coated abrasives. This data is taken directly from +# their web page. + +# FEPA P grit for coated abrasives is commonly seen on sandpaper in +# the USA where the paper will be marked P600, for example. FEPA P +# grits are said to be more tightly constrained than comparable ANSI +# grits so that the particles are more uniform in size and hence give +# a better finish. + +grit_P[micron] \ + 12 1815 \ + 16 1324 \ + 20 1000 \ + 24 764 \ + 30 642 \ + 36 538 \ + 40 425 \ + 50 336 \ + 60 269 \ + 80 201 \ + 100 162 \ + 120 125 \ + 150 100 \ + 180 82 \ + 220 68 \ + 240 58.5 \ + 280 52.2 \ + 320 46.2 \ + 360 40.5 \ + 400 35 \ + 500 30.2 \ + 600 25.8 \ + 800 21.8 \ + 1000 18.3 \ + 1200 15.3 \ + 1500 12.6 \ + 2000 10.3 \ + 2500 8.4 + +grit_F[micron] \ + 4 4890 \ + 5 4125 \ + 6 3460 \ + 7 2900 \ + 8 2460 \ + 10 2085 \ + 12 1765 \ + 14 1470 \ + 16 1230 \ + 20 1040 \ + 22 885 \ + 24 745 \ + 30 625 \ + 36 525 \ + 40 438 \ + 46 370 \ + 54 310 \ + 60 260 \ + 70 218 \ + 80 185 \ + 90 154 \ + 100 129 \ + 120 109 \ + 150 82 \ + 180 69 \ + 220 58 \ + 230 53 \ + 240 44.5 \ + 280 36.5 \ + 320 29.2 \ + 360 22.8 \ + 400 17.3 \ + 500 12.8 \ + 600 9.3 \ + 800 6.5 \ + 1000 4.5 \ + 1200 3 \ + 1500 2.0 \ + 2000 1.2 + +# According to the UAMA web page, the ANSI bonded and ANSI coated standards +# are identical to FEPA F in the macrogrit range (under 240 grit), so these +# values are taken from the FEPA F table. The values for 240 and above are +# from the UAMA web site and represent the average of the "d50" range +# endpoints listed there. + +grit_ansibonded[micron] \ + 4 4890 \ + 5 4125 \ + 6 3460 \ + 7 2900 \ + 8 2460 \ + 10 2085 \ + 12 1765 \ + 14 1470 \ + 16 1230 \ + 20 1040 \ + 22 885 \ + 24 745 \ + 30 625 \ + 36 525 \ + 40 438 \ + 46 370 \ + 54 310 \ + 60 260 \ + 70 218 \ + 80 185 \ + 90 154 \ + 100 129 \ + 120 109 \ + 150 82 \ + 180 69 \ + 220 58 \ + 240 50 \ + 280 39.5 \ + 320 29.5 \ + 360 23 \ + 400 18.25 \ + 500 13.9 \ + 600 10.55 \ + 800 7.65 \ + 1000 5.8 \ + 1200 3.8 + +# Like the bonded grit, the coated macrogrits below 240 are taken from the +# FEPA F table. Data above this is from the UAMA site. Note that the coated +# and bonded standards are evidently the same from 240 up to 600 grit, but +# starting at 800 grit, the coated standard diverges. The data from UAMA show +# that 800 grit coated has an average size slightly larger than the average +# size of 600 grit coated/bonded. However, the 800 grit has a significantly +# smaller particle size variation. + +ansicoated[micron] \ + 4 4890 \ + 5 4125 \ + 6 3460 \ + 7 2900 \ + 8 2460 \ + 10 2085 \ + 12 1765 \ + 14 1470 \ + 16 1230 \ + 20 1040 \ + 22 885 \ + 24 745 \ + 30 625 \ + 36 525 \ + 40 438 \ + 46 370 \ + 54 310 \ + 60 260 \ + 70 218 \ + 80 185 \ + 90 154 \ + 100 129 \ + 120 109 \ + 150 82 \ + 180 69 \ + 220 58 \ + 240 50 \ + 280 39.5 \ + 320 29.5 \ + 360 23 \ + 400 18.25 \ + 500 13.9 \ + 600 10.55 \ + 800 11.5 \ + 1000 9.5 \ + 2000 7.2 \ + 2500 5.5 \ + 3000 4 \ + 4000 3 \ + 6000 2 \ + 8000 1.2 + +# +# Is this correct? This is the JIS Japanese standard used on waterstones +# +jisgrit[micron] \ + 150 75 \ + 180 63 \ + 220 53 \ + 280 48 \ + 320 40 \ + 360 35 \ + 400 30 \ + 600 20 \ + 700 17 \ + 800 14 \ + 1000 11.5 \ + 1200 9.5 \ + 1500 8 \ + 2000 6.7 \ + 2500 5.5 \ + 3000 4 \ + 4000 3 \ + 6000 2 \ + 8000 1.2 + +# The "Finishing Scale" marked with an A (e.g. A75). This information +# is from the web page of the sand paper manufacturer Klingspor +# http://www.klingspor.com/gritgradingsystems.htm +# +# I have no information about what this scale is used for. + +grit_A[micron]\ + 16 15.3 \ + 25 21.8 \ + 30 23.6 \ + 35 25.75 \ + 45 35 \ + 60 46.2 \ + 65 53.5 \ + 75 58.5 \ + 90 65 \ + 110 78 \ + 130 93 \ + 160 127 \ + 200 156 +# +# Grits for DMT brand diamond sharpening stones from +# http://dmtsharp.com/products/colorcode.htm +# + +dmtxxcoarse 120 micron # 120 mesh +dmtsilver dmtxxcoarse +dmtxx dmtxxcoarse +dmtxcoarse 60 micron # 220 mesh +dmtx dmtxcoarse +dmtblack dmtxcoarse +dmtcoarse 45 micron # 325 mesh +dmtc dmtcoarse +dmtblue dmtcoarse +dmtfine 25 micron # 600 mesh +dmtred dmtfine +dmtf dmtfine +dmtefine 9 micron # 1200 mesh +dmte dmtefine +dmtgreen dmtefine +dmtceramic 7 micron # 2200 mesh +dmtcer dmtceramic +dmtwhite dmtceramic +dmteefine 3 micron # 8000 mesh +dmttan dmteefine +dmtee dmteefine + +# +# The following values come from a page in the Norton Stones catalog, +# available at their web page, http://www.nortonstones.com. +# + +hardtranslucentarkansas 6 micron # Natural novaculite (silicon quartz) +softarkansas 22 micron # stones + +extrafineindia 22 micron # India stones are Norton's manufactured +fineindia 35 micron # aluminum oxide product +mediumindia 53.5 micron +coarseindia 97 micron + +finecrystolon 45 micron # Crystolon stones are Norton's +mediumcrystalon 78 micron # manufactured silicon carbide product +coarsecrystalon 127 micron + +# The following are not from the Norton catalog +hardblackarkansas 6 micron +hardwhitearkansas 11 micron +washita 35 micron + +# +# Ring size. All ring sizes are given as the circumference of the ring. +# + +# USA ring sizes. Several slightly different definitions seem to be in +# circulation. According to [15], the interior diameter of size n ring in +# inches is 0.32 n + 0.458 for n ranging from 3 to 13.5 by steps of 0.5. The +# size 2 ring is inconsistently 0.538in and no 2.5 size is listed. +# +# However, other sources list 0.455 + 0.0326 n and 0.4525 + 0.0324 n as the +# diameter and list no special case for size 2. (Or alternatively they are +# 1.43 + .102 n and 1.4216+.1018 n for measuring circumference in inches.) One +# reference claimed that the original system was that each size was 1|10 inch +# circumference, but that source doesn't have an explanation for the modern +# system which is somewhat different. + +ringsize(n) [;in] (1.4216+.1018 n) in ; (ringsize/in + (-1.4216))/.1018 + +# Old practice in the UK measured rings using the "Wheatsheaf gauge" with sizes +# specified alphabetically and based on the ring inside diameter in steps of +# 1|64 inch. This system was replaced in 1987 by British Standard 6820 which +# specifies sizes based on circumference. Each size is 1.25 mm different from +# the preceding size. The baseline is size C which is 40 mm circumference. +# The new sizes are close to the old ones. Sometimes it's necessary to go +# beyond size Z to Z+1, Z+2, etc. + +sizeAring 37.50 mm +sizeBring 38.75 mm +sizeCring 40.00 mm +sizeDring 41.25 mm +sizeEring 42.50 mm +sizeFring 43.75 mm +sizeGring 45.00 mm +sizeHring 46.25 mm +sizeIring 47.50 mm +sizeJring 48.75 mm +sizeKring 50.00 mm +sizeLring 51.25 mm +sizeMring 52.50 mm +sizeNring 53.75 mm +sizeOring 55.00 mm +sizePring 56.25 mm +sizeQring 57.50 mm +sizeRring 58.75 mm +sizeSring 60.00 mm +sizeTring 61.25 mm +sizeUring 62.50 mm +sizeVring 63.75 mm +sizeWring 65.00 mm +sizeXring 66.25 mm +sizeYring 67.50 mm +sizeZring 68.75 mm + +# Japanese sizes start with size 1 at a 13mm inside diameter and each size is +# 1|3 mm larger in diameter than the previous one. They are multiplied by pi +# to give circumference. + +jpringsize(n) [;mm] (38|3 + n/3) pi mm ; 3 jpringsize/ pi mm + (-38) + +# The European ring sizes are the length of the circumference in mm minus 40. + +euringsize(n) [;mm] (n+40) mm ; euringsize/mm + (-40) + +# +# Abbreviations +# + +mph mile/hr +mpg mile/gal +kph km/hr +fL footlambert +fpm ft/min +fps ft/s +rpm rev/min +rps rev/sec +mi mile +smi mile +nmi nauticalmile +mbh 1e3 btu/hour +mcm 1e3 circularmil +ipy inch/year # used for corrosion rates +ccf 100 ft^3 # used for selling water [18] +Mcf 1000 ft^3 # not million cubic feet [18] +kp kilopond +kpm kp meter +Wh W hour +hph hp hour +plf lb / foot # pounds per linear foot + +# +# Compatibility units with unix version +# + +pa Pa +ev eV +hg Hg +oe Oe +mh mH +rd rod +pf pF +gr grain +nt N +hz Hz +hd hogshead +dry drygallon/gallon +imperial brgallon/gallon # This is a dubious definition + # since it fails for fluid ounces + # and all units derived from fluid + # ounces. +nmile nauticalmile +beV GeV +bev beV +coul C + +# +# Radioactivity units +# + +becquerel /s # Activity of radioactive source +Bq becquerel # +curie 3.7e10 Bq # Defined in 1910 as the radioactivity +Ci curie # emitted by the amount of radon that is + # in equilibrium with 1 gram of radium. +rutherford 1e6 Bq # + +RADIATION_DOSE gray +gray J/kg # Absorbed dose of radiation +Gy gray # +rad 1e-2 Gy # From Radiation Absorbed Dose +rep 8.38 mGy # Roentgen Equivalent Physical, the amount + # of radiation which , absorbed in the + # body, would liberate the same amount + # of energy as 1 roentgen of X rays + # would, or 97 ergs. + +sievert J/kg # Dose equivalent: dosage that has the +Sv sievert # same effect on human tissues as 200 +rem 1e-2 Sv # keV X-rays. Different types of + # radiation are weighted by the + # Relative Biological Effectiveness + # (RBE). + # + # Radiation type RBE + # X-ray, gamma ray 1 + # beta rays, > 1 MeV 1 + # beta rays, < 1 MeV 1.08 + # neutrons, < 1 MeV 4-5 + # neutrons, 1-10 MeV 10 + # protons, 1 MeV 8.5 + # protons, .1 MeV 10 + # alpha, 5 MeV 15 + # alpha, 1 MeV 20 + # + # The energies are the kinetic energy + # of the particles. Slower particles + # interact more, so they are more + # effective ionizers, and hence have + # higher RBE values. + # + # rem stands for Roentgen Equivalent + # Mammal + +roentgen 2.58e-4 C / kg # Ionizing radiation that produces + # 1 statcoulomb of charge in 1 cc of + # dry air at stp. +rontgen roentgen # Sometimes it appears spelled this way +sievertunit 8.38 rontgen # Unit of gamma ray dose delivered in one + # hour at a distance of 1 cm from a + # point source of 1 mg of radium + # enclosed in platinum .5 mm thick. + +eman 1e-7 Ci/m^3 # radioactive concentration +mache 3.7e-7 Ci/m^3 + +# +# Atomic weights. The atomic weight of an element is the ratio of the mass of +# a mole of the element to 1|12 of a mole of Carbon 12. The Standard Atomic +# Weights apply to the elements as they occur naturally on earth. Elements +# which do not occur naturally or which occur with wide isotopic variability do +# not have Standard Atomic Weights. For these elements, the atomic weight is +# based on the longest lived isotope, as marked in the comments. In some +# cases, the comment for these entries also gives a number which is an atomic +# weight for a different isotope that may be of more interest than the longest +# lived isotope. +# + +actinium 227.0278 +aluminum 26.981539 +americium 243.0614 # Longest lived. 241.06 +antimony 121.760 +argon 39.948 +arsenic 74.92159 +astatine 209.9871 # Longest lived +barium 137.327 +berkelium 247.0703 # Longest lived. 249.08 +beryllium 9.012182 +bismuth 208.98037 +boron 10.811 +bromine 79.904 +cadmium 112.411 +calcium 40.078 +californium 251.0796 # Longest lived. 252.08 +carbon 12.011 +cerium 140.115 +cesium 132.90543 +chlorine 35.4527 +chromium 51.9961 +cobalt 58.93320 +copper 63.546 +curium 247.0703 +dysprosium 162.50 +einsteinium 252.083 # Longest lived +erbium 167.26 +europium 151.965 +fermium 257.0951 # Longest lived +fluorine 18.9984032 +francium 223.0197 # Longest lived +gadolinium 157.25 +gallium 69.723 +germanium 72.61 +gold 196.96654 +hafnium 178.49 +helium 4.002602 +holmium 164.93032 +hydrogen 1.00794 +indium 114.818 +iodine 126.90447 +iridium 192.217 +iron 55.845 +krypton 83.80 +lanthanum 138.9055 +lawrencium 262.11 # Longest lived +lead 207.2 +lithium 6.941 +lutetium 174.967 +magnesium 24.3050 +manganese 54.93805 +mendelevium 258.10 # Longest lived +mercury 200.59 +molybdenum 95.94 +neodymium 144.24 +neon 20.1797 +neptunium 237.0482 +nickel 58.6934 +niobium 92.90638 +nitrogen 14.00674 +nobelium 259.1009 # Longest lived +osmium 190.23 +oxygen 15.9994 +palladium 106.42 +phosphorus 30.973762 +platinum 195.08 +plutonium 244.0642 # Longest lived. 239.05 +polonium 208.9824 # Longest lived. 209.98 +potassium 39.0983 +praseodymium 140.90765 +promethium 144.9127 # Longest lived. 146.92 +protactinium 231.03588 +radium 226.0254 +radon 222.0176 # Longest lived +rhenium 186.207 +rhodium 102.90550 +rubidium 85.4678 +ruthenium 101.07 +samarium 150.36 +scandium 44.955910 +selenium 78.96 +silicon 28.0855 +silver 107.8682 +sodium 22.989768 +strontium 87.62 +sulfur 32.066 +tantalum 180.9479 +technetium 97.9072 # Longest lived. 98.906 +tellurium 127.60 +terbium 158.92534 +thallium 204.3833 +thorium 232.0381 +thullium 168.93421 +tin 118.710 +titanium 47.867 +tungsten 183.84 +uranium 238.0289 +vanadium 50.9415 +xenon 131.29 +ytterbium 173.04 +yttrium 88.90585 +zinc 65.39 +zirconium 91.224 + +# +# population units +# + +people 1 +person people +death people +capita people +percapita per capita + + +# +# Traditional Japanese units (shakkanhou) +# +# The traditional system of weights and measures is called shakkanhou from the +# shaku and the ken. Japan accepted SI units in 1891 and legalized conversions +# to the traditional system. In 1909 the inch-pound system was also legalized, +# so Japan had three legally approved systems. A change to the metric system +# started in 1921 but there was a lot of resistance. The Measurement Law of +# October 1999 prohibits sales in anything but SI units. However, the old +# units still live on in construction and as the basis for paper sizes of books +# and tools used for handicrafts. +# +# Note that units below use the Hepburn romanization system. Some other +# systems would render "mou", "jou", and "chou" as "mo", "jo" and "cho". +# +# +# http://hiramatu-hifuka.com/onyak/onyindx.html + +# Japanese Proportions. These are still in everyday use. They also +# get used as units to represent the proportion of the standard unit. + +wari_proportion 1|10 +wari wari_proportion +bu_proportion 1|100 # The character bu can also be read fun or bun + # but usually "bu" is used for units. +rin_proportion 1|1000 +mou_proportion 1|10000 + + +# Japanese Length Measures +# +# The length system is called kanejaku or +# square and originated in China. It was +# adopted as Japan's official measure in 701 +# by the Taiho Code. This system is still in +# common use in architecture and clothing. + +shaku 1|3.3 m +mou 1|10000 shaku +rin 1|1000 shaku +bu_distance 1|100 shaku +sun 1|10 shaku +jou_distance 10 shaku +jou jou_distance + +kanejakusun sun # Alias to emphasize architectural name +kanejaku shaku +kanejakujou jou + +# In context of clothing, shaku is different from architecture +# http://www.scinet.co.jp/sci/sanwa/kakizaki-essay54.html + +kujirajaku 10|8 shaku +kujirajakusun 1|10 kujirajaku +kujirajakubu 1|100 kujirajaku +kujirajakujou 10 kujirajaku +tan_distance 3 kujirajakujou + +ken 6 shaku # Also sometimes 6.3, 6.5, or 6.6 + # http://www.homarewood.co.jp/syakusun.htm + +# mostly unused +chou_distance 60 ken +chou chou_distance +ri 36 chou + +# Japanese Area Measures + +# Tsubo is still used for land size, though the others are more +# recognized by their homonyms in the other measurements. + +gou_area 1|10 tsubo +tsubo 36 shaku^2 # Size of two tatami = ken^2 ?? +se 30 tsubo +tan_area 10 se +chou_area 10 tan_area + +# Japanese architecture is based on a "standard" size of tatami mat. +# Room sizes today are given in number of tatami, and this number +# determines the spacing between colums and hence sizes of sliding +# doors and paper screens. However, every region has its own slightly +# different tatami size. Edoma, used in and around Tokyo and +# Hokkaido, is becoming a nationwide standard. Kyouma is used around +# Kyoto, Osaka and Kyuushu, and Chuukyouma is used around Nagoya. +# Note that the tatami all have the aspect ratio 2:1 so that the mats +# can tile the room with some of them turned 90 degrees. +# +# http://www.moon2.net/tatami/infotatami/structure.html + +edoma (5.8*2.9) shaku^2 +kyouma (6.3*3.15) shaku^2 +chuukyouma (6*3) shaku^2 +jou_area edoma +tatami jou_area + +# Japanese Volume Measures + +# The "shou" is still used for such things as alcohol and seasonings. +# Large quantities of paint are still purchased in terms of "to". + +shaku_volume 1|10 gou_volume +gou_volume 1|10 shou +gou gou_volume +shou (4.9*4.9*2.7) sun^3 # The character shou which is + # the same as masu refers to a + # rectangular wooden cup used to + # measure liquids and cereal. + # Sake is sometimes served in a masu + # Note that it happens to be + # EXACTLY 7^4/11^3 liters. +to 10 shou +koku 10 to # No longer used; historically a measure of rice + +# Japanese Weight Measures +# +# http://wyoming.hp.infoseek.co.jp/zatugaku/zamoney.html + +# Not really used anymore. + +rin_weight 1|10 bu +bu_weight 1|10 monme +fun 1|10 monme +monme 15|4 g +kin 160 monme +kan 1000 monme +kwan kan # This was the old pronounciation of the unit. + # The old spelling persisted a few centuries + # longer and was not changed until around + # 1950. + +# +# Australian unit +# + +australiasquare (10 ft)^2 # Used for house area + + +# +# A few German units as currently in use. +# + +zentner 50 kg +doppelzentner 2 zentner +pfund 500 g + +# +# Old French distance measures, from French Weights and Measures +# Before the Revolution by Zupko +# + +frenchfoot 144|443.296 m # pied de roi, the standard of Paris. +pied frenchfoot # Half of the hashimicubit, +frenchfeet frenchfoot # instituted by Charlemagne. +frenchinch 1|12 frenchfoot # This exact definition comes from +frenchthumb frenchinch # a law passed on 10 Dec 1799 which +pouce frenchthumb # fixed the meter at + # 3 frenchfeet + 11.296 lignes. +frenchline 1|12 frenchinch # This is supposed to be the size +ligne frenchline # of the average barleycorn +frenchpoint 1|12 frenchline +toise 6 frenchfeet +arpent 180^2 pied^2 # The arpent is 100 square perches, + # but the perche seems to vary a lot + # and can be 18 feet, 20 feet, or 22 + # feet. This measure was described + # as being in common use in Canada in + # 1934 (Websters 2nd). The value + # given here is the Paris standard + # arpent. +frenchgrain 1|18827.15 kg # Weight of a wheat grain, hence + # smaller than the British grain. +frenchpound 9216 frenchgrain + +# +# Before the Imperial Weights and Measures Act of 1824, various different +# weights and measures were in use in different places. +# + +# Scots linear measure + +scotsinch 1.00540054 UKinch +scotslink 1|100 scotschain +scotsfoot 12 scotsinch +scotsfeet scotsfoot +scotsell 37 scotsinch +scotsfall 6 scotsell +scotschain 4 scotsfall +scotsfurlong 10 scotschain +scotsmile 8 scotsfurlong + +# Scots area measure + +scotsrood 40 scotsfall^2 +scotsacre 4 scotsrood +nook 20 acres # Given in [18] with English acres; apparently + # developed after the switch to Imperial units. +# Irish linear measure + +irishinch UKinch +irishpalm 3 irishinch +irishspan 3 irishpalm +irishfoot 12 irishinch +irishfeet irishfoot +irishcubit 18 irishinch +irishyard 3 irishfeet +irishpace 5 irishfeet +irishfathom 6 irishfeet +irishpole 7 irishyard # Only these values +irishperch irishpole # are different from +irishchain 4 irishperch # the British Imperial +irishlink 1|100 irishchain # or English values for +irishfurlong 10 irishchain # these lengths. +irishmile 8 irishfurlong # + +# Irish area measure + +irishrood 40 irishpole^2 +irishacre 4 irishrood + +# English wine capacity measures (Winchester measures) + +winepint 1|2 winequart +winequart 1|4 winegallon +winegallon 231 UKinch^3 # Sometimes called the Winchester Wine Gallon, + # it was legalized in 1707 by Queen Anne, and + # given the definition of 231 cubic inches. It + # had been in use for a while as 8 pounds of wine + # using a merchant's pound, but the definition of + # the merchant's pound had become uncertain. A + # pound of 15 tower ounces (6750 grains) had been + # common, but then a pound of 15 troy ounces + # (7200 grains) gained popularity. Because of + # the switch in the value of the merchants pound, + # the size of the wine gallon was uncertain in + # the market, hence the official act in 1707. + # The act allowed that a six inch tall cylinder + # with a 7 inch diameter was a lawful wine + # gallon. (This comes out to 230.9 in^3.) + # Note also that in Britain a legal conversion + # was established to the 1824 Imperial gallon + # then taken as 277.274 in^3 so that the wine + # gallon was 0.8331 imperial gallons. This is + # 231.1 cubic inches (using the international + # inch). +winerundlet 18 winegallon +winebarrel 31.5 winegallon +winetierce 42 winegallon +winehogshead 2 winebarrel +winepuncheon 2 winetierce +winebutt 2 winehogshead +winepipe winebutt +winetun 2 winebutt + +# English beer and ale measures used 1803-1824 and used for beer before 1688 + +beerpint 1|2 beerquart +beerquart 1|4 beergallon +beergallon 282 UKinch^3 +beerbarrel 36 beergallon +beerhogshead 1.5 beerbarrel + +# English ale measures used from 1688-1803 for both ale and beer + +alepint 1|2 alequart +alequart 1|4 alegallon +alegallon beergallon +alebarrel 34 alegallon +alehogshead 1.5 alebarrel + +# Scots capacity measure + +scotsgill 1|4 mutchkin +mutchkin 1|2 choppin +choppin 1|2 scotspint +scotspint 1|2 scotsquart +scotsquart 1|4 scotsgallon +scotsgallon 827.232 UKinch^3 +scotsbarrel 8 scotsgallon +jug scotspint + +# Scots dry capacity measure + +scotswheatlippy 137.333 UKinch^3 # Also used for peas, beans, rye, salt +scotswheatlippies scotswheatlippy +scotswheatpeck 4 scotswheatlippy +scotswheatfirlot 4 scotswheatpeck +scotswheatboll 4 scotswheatfirlot +scotswheatchalder 16 scotswheatboll + +scotsoatlippy 200.345 UKinch^3 # Also used for barley and malt +scotsoatlippies scotsoatlippy +scotsoatpeck 4 scotsoatlippy +scotsoatfirlot 4 scotsoatpeck +scotsoatboll 4 scotsoatfirlot +scotsoatchalder 16 scotsoatboll + +# Scots Tron weight + +trondrop 1|16 tronounce +tronounce 1|20 tronpound +tronpound 9520 grain +tronstone 16 tronpound + +# Irish liquid capacity measure + +irishnoggin 1|4 irishpint +irishpint 1|2 irishquart +irishquart 1|2 irishpottle +irishpottle 1|2 irishgallon +irishgallon 217.6 UKinch^3 +irishrundlet 18 irishgallon +irishbarrel 31.5 irishgallon +irishtierce 42 irishgallon +irishhogshead 2 irishbarrel +irishpuncheon 2 irishtierce +irishpipe 2 irishhogshead +irishtun 2 irishpipe + +# Irish dry capacity measure + +irishpeck 2 irishgallon +irishbushel 4 irishpeck +irishstrike 2 irishbushel +irishdrybarrel 2 irishstrike +irishquarter 2 irishbarrel + +# English Tower weights, abolished in 1528 + +towerpound 5400 grain +towerounce 1|12 towerpound +towerpennyweight 1|20 towerounce +towergrain 1|32 towerpennyweight + +# English Mercantile weights, used since the late 12th century + +mercpound 6750 grain +mercounce 1|15 mercpound +mercpennyweight 1|20 mercounce + +# English weights for lead + +leadstone 12.5 lb +fotmal 70 lb +leadwey 14 leadstone +fothers 12 leadwey + +# English Hay measure + +newhaytruss 60 lb # New and old here seem to refer to "new" +newhayload 36 newhaytruss # hay and "old" hay rather than a new unit +oldhaytruss 56 lb # and an old unit. +oldhayload 36 oldhaytruss + +# English wool measure + +woolclove 7 lb +woolstone 2 woolclove +wooltod 2 woolstone +woolwey 13 woolstone +woolsack 2 woolwey +woolsarpler 2 woolsack +woollast 6 woolsarpler + +# +# Ancient history units: There tends to be uncertainty in the definitions +# of the units in this section +# These units are from [11] + +# Roman measure. The Romans had a well defined distance measure, but their +# measures of weight were poor. They adopted local weights in different +# regions without distinguishing among them so that there are half a dozen +# different Roman "standard" weight systems. + +romanfoot 296 mm # There is some uncertainty in this definition +romanfeet romanfoot # from which all the other units are derived. +pes romanfoot # This value appears in numerous sources. In "The +pedes romanfoot # Roman Land Surveyors", Dilke gives 295.7 mm. +romaninch 1|12 romanfoot # The subdivisions of the Roman foot have the +romandigit 1|16 romanfoot # same names as the subdivisions of the pound, +romanpalm 1|4 romanfoot # but we can't have the names for different +romancubit 18 romaninch # units. +romanpace 5 romanfeet # Roman double pace (basic military unit) +passus romanpace +romanperch 10 romanfeet +stade 125 romanpaces +stadia stade +stadium stade +romanmile 8 stadia # 1000 paces +romanleague 1.5 romanmile +schoenus 4 romanmile + +# Other values for the Roman foot (from Dilke) + +earlyromanfoot 29.73 cm +pesdrusianus 33.3 cm # or 33.35 cm, used in Gaul & Germany in 1st c BC +lateromanfoot 29.42 cm + +# Roman areas + +actuslength 120 romanfeet # length of a Roman furrow +actus 120*4 romanfeet^2 # area of the furrow +squareactus 120^2 romanfeet^2 # actus quadratus +acnua squareactus +iugerum 2 squareactus +iugera iugerum +jugerum iugerum +jugera iugerum +heredium 2 iugera # heritable plot +heredia heredium +centuria 100 heredia +centurium centuria + +# Roman volumes + +sextarius 35.4 in^3 # Basic unit of Roman volume. As always, +sextarii sextarius # there is uncertainty. Six large Roman + # measures survive with volumes ranging from + # 34.4 in^3 to 39.55 in^3. Three of them + # cluster around the size given here. + # + # But the values for this unit vary wildly + # in other sources. One reference gives 0.547 + # liters, but then says the amphora is a + # cubic Roman foot. This gives a value for the + # sextarius of 0.540 liters. And the + # encyclopedia Brittanica lists 0.53 liters for + # this unit. Both [7] and [11], which were + # written by scholars of weights and measures, + # give the value of 35.4 cubic inches. +cochlearia 1|48 sextarius +cyathi 1|12 sextarius +acetabula 1|8 sextarius +quartaria 1|4 sextarius +quartarius quartaria +heminae 1|2 sextarius +hemina heminae +cheonix 1.5 sextarii + +# Dry volume measures (usually) + +semodius 8 sextarius +semodii semodius +modius 16 sextarius +modii modius + +# Liquid volume measures (usually) + +congius 12 heminae +congii congius +amphora 8 congii +amphorae amphora # Also a dry volume measure +culleus 20 amphorae +quadrantal amphora + +# Roman weights + +libra 5052 grain # The Roman pound varied significantly +librae libra # from 4210 grains to 5232 grains. Most of +romanpound libra # the standards were obtained from the weight +uncia 1|12 libra # of particular coins. The one given here is +unciae uncia # based on the Gold Aureus of Augustus which +romanounce uncia # was in use from BC 27 to AD 296. +deunx 11 uncia +dextans 10 uncia +dodrans 9 uncia +bes 8 uncia +seprunx 7 uncia +semis 6 uncia +quincunx 5 uncia +triens 4 uncia +quadrans 3 uncia +sextans 2 uncia +sescuncia 1.5 uncia +semuncia 1|2 uncia +siscilius 1|4 uncia +sextula 1|6 uncia +semisextula 1|12 uncia +scriptulum 1|24 uncia +scrupula scriptulum +romanobol 1|2 scrupula + +romanaspound 4210 grain # Old pound based on bronze coinage, the + # earliest money of Rome BC 338 to BC 268. + +# Egyptian length measure + +egyptianroyalcubit 20.63 in # plus or minus .2 in +egyptianpalm 1|7 egyptianroyalcubit +egyptiandigit 1|4 egyptianpalm +egyptianshortcubit 6 egyptianpalm + +doubleremen 29.16 in # Length of the diagonal of a square with +remendigit 1|40 doubleremen # side length of 1 royal egyptian cubit. + # This is divided into 40 digits which are + # not the same size as the digits based on + # the royal cubit. + +# Greek length measures + +greekfoot 12.45 in # Listed as being derived from the +greekfeet greekfoot # Egyptian Royal cubit in [11]. It is +greekcubit 1.5 greekfoot # said to be 3|5 of a 20.75 in cubit. +pous greekfoot +podes greekfoot +orguia 6 greekfoot +greekfathom orguia +stadion 100 orguia +akaina 10 greekfeet +plethron 10 akaina +greekfinger 1|16 greekfoot +homericcubit 20 greekfingers # Elbow to end of knuckles. +shortgreekcubit 18 greekfingers # Elbow to start of fingers. + +ionicfoot 296 mm +doricfoot 326 mm + +olympiccubit 25 remendigit # These olympic measures were not as +olympicfoot 2|3 olympiccubit # common as the other greek measures. +olympicfinger 1|16 olympicfoot # They were used in agriculture. +olympicfeet olympicfoot +olympicdakylos olympicfinger +olympicpalm 1|4 olympicfoot +olympicpalestra olympicpalm +olympicspithame 3|4 foot +olympicspan olympicspithame +olympicbema 2.5 olympicfeet +olympicpace olympicbema +olympicorguia 6 olympicfeet +olympicfathom olympicorguia +olympiccord 60 olympicfeet +olympicamma olympiccord +olympicplethron 100 olympicfeet +olympicstadion 600 olympicfeet + +# Greek capacity measure + +greekkotyle 270 ml # This approximate value is obtained +xestes 2 greekkotyle # from two earthenware vessels that +khous 12 greekkotyle # were reconstructed from fragments. +metretes 12 khous # The kotyle is a day's corn ration +choinix 4 greekkotyle # for one man. +hekteos 8 choinix +medimnos 6 hekteos + +# Greek weight. Two weight standards were used, an Aegina standard based +# on the Beqa shekel and an Athens (attic) standard. + +aeginastater 192 grain # Varies up to 199 grain +aeginadrachmae 1|2 aeginastater +aeginaobol 1|6 aeginadrachmae +aeginamina 50 aeginastaters +aeginatalent 60 aeginamina # Supposedly the mass of a cubic foot + # of water (whichever foot was in use) + +atticstater 135 grain # Varies 134-138 grain +atticdrachmae 1|2 atticstater +atticobol 1|6 atticdrachmae +atticmina 50 atticstaters +attictalent 60 atticmina # Supposedly the mass of a cubic foot + # of water (whichever foot was in use) + +# "Northern" cubit and foot. This was used by the pre-Aryan civilization in +# the Indus valley. It was used in Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, China, +# central and Western Europe until modern times when it was displaced by +# the metric system. + +northerncubit 26.6 in # plus/minus .2 in +northernfoot 1|2 northerncubit + +sumeriancubit 495 mm +kus sumeriancubit +sumerianfoot 2|3 sumeriancubit + +assyriancubit 21.6 in +assyrianfoot 1|2 assyriancubit +assyrianpalm 1|3 assyrianfoot +assyriansusi 1|20 assyrianpalm +susi assyriansusi +persianroyalcubit 7 assyrianpalm + + +# Arabic measures. The arabic standards were meticulously kept. Glass weights +# accurate to .2 grains were made during AD 714-900. + +hashimicubit 25.56 in # Standard of linear measure used + # in Persian dominions of the Arabic + # empire 7-8th cent. Is equal to two + # French feet. + +blackcubit 21.28 in +arabicfeet 1|2 blackcubit +arabicfoot arabicfeet +arabicinch 1|12 arabicfoot +arabicmile 4000 blackcubit + +silverdirhem 45 grain # The weights were derived from these two +tradedirhem 48 grain # units with two identically named systems + # used for silver and used for trade purposes + +silverkirat 1|16 silverdirhem +silverwukiyeh 10 silverdirhem +silverrotl 12 silverwukiyeh +arabicsilverpound silverrotl + +tradekirat 1|16 tradedirhem +tradewukiyeh 10 tradedirhem +traderotl 12 tradewukiyeh +arabictradepound traderotl + +# Miscellaneous ancient units + +parasang 3.5 mile # Persian unit of length usually thought + # to be between 3 and 3.5 miles +biblicalcubit 21.8 in +hebrewcubit 17.58 in +li 10|27.8 mile # Chinese unit of length + # 100 li is considered a day's march +liang 11|3 oz # Chinese weight unit + + +# Medieval time units. According to the OED, these appear in Du Cange +# by Papias. + +timepoint 1|5 hour # also given as 1|4 +timeminute 1|10 hour +timeostent 1|60 hour +timeounce 1|8 timeostent +timeatom 1|47 timeounce + +# Given in [15], these subdivisions of the grain were supposedly used +# by jewelers. The mite may have been used but the blanc could not +# have been accurately measured. + +mite 1|20 grain +droit 1|24 mite +periot 1|20 droit +blanc 1|24 periot + +# +# Some definitions using ISO 8859-1 characters +# + +¼- 1|4 +½- 1|2 +¾- 3|4 +µ- micro +¢ cent +£ britainpound +¥ japanyen +ångström angstrom +Å angstrom +röntgen roentgen +°C degC +°F degF +°K K # °K is incorrect notation +°R degR +° degree + +# +# Localisation +# + +!locale en_US +hundredweight ushundredweight +ton uston +scruple apscruple +fluidounce usfluidounce +gallon usgallon +bushel usbushel +quarter quarterweight +cup uscup +tablespoon ustablespoon +teaspoon usteaspoon +horsepower ushorsepower +dollar US$ +cent $ 0.01 +penny cent +minim minimvolume +pony ponyvolume +grand usgrand +firkin usfirkin +hogshead ushogshead +acre usacre +acrefoot usacrefoot +!endlocale + +!locale en_GB +hundredweight brhundredweight +ton brton +scruple brscruple +fluidounce brfluidounce +gallon brgallon +bushel brbushel +quarter brquarter +chaldron brchaldron +cup brcup +teacup brteacup +tablespoon brtablespoon +teaspoon brteaspoon +horsepower brhorsepower +dollar US$ +cent $ 0.01 +penny brpenny +minim minimnote +pony brpony +grand brgrand +firkin brfirkin +hogshead brhogshead +acre intacre +acrefoot intacrefoot +!endlocale + +############################################################################ +# +# The following units were in the unix units database but do not appear in +# this file: +# +# wey used for cheese, salt and other goods. Measured mass or +# waymass volume depending on what was measured and where the measuring +# took place. A wey of cheese ranged from 200 to 324 pounds. +# +# sack No precise definition +# +# spindle The length depends on the type of yarn +# +# block Defined variously on different computer systems +# +# erlang A unit of telephone traffic defined variously. +# Omitted because there are no other units for this +# dimension. Is this true? What about CCS = 1/36 erlang? +# Erlang is supposed to be dimensionless. One erlang means +# a single channel occupied for one hour. +# +############################################################################ + + + + +beardsecond 5 nanometers