/repo: share/units.dat comparison

comparison share/units.dat @ 0:e037173e0012

Initial import.

author	HackBot
date	Thu, 16 Feb 2012 19:42:32 +0000
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+:e037173e0012
+#
+# This file is the units database for use with GNU units, a units conversion
+# program by Adrian Mariano adrian@cam.cornell.edu
+#
+# 14 February 2010 Version 1.50
+#
+# Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006
+#               2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
+# Free Software Foundation, Inc
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
+# Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+#
+############################################################################
+#
+# Improvements and corrections are welcome.
+#
+# Most units data was drawn from
+#            1. NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition
+#            2. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 70th edition
+#            3. Oxford English Dictionary
+#            4. Websters New Universal Unabridged Dictionary
+#            5. Units of Measure by Stephen Dresner
+#            6. A Dictionary of English Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko
+#            7. British Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko
+#            8. Realm of Measure by Isaac Asimov
+#            9. United States standards of weights and measures, their
+#                   creation and creators by Arthur H. Frazier.
+#           10. French weights and measures before the Revolution: a
+#                   dictionary of provincial and local units by Ronald Zupko
+#           11. Weights and Measures: their ancient origins and their
+#                   development in Great Britain up to AD 1855 by FG Skinner
+#           12. The World of Measurements by H. Arthur Klein
+#           13. For Good Measure by William Johnstone
+#           14. NTC's Encyclopedia of International Weights and Measures
+#                   by William Johnstone
+#           15. Sizes by John Lord
+#           16. Sizesaurus by Stephen Strauss
+#           17. CODATA Recommended Values of Physical Constants available at
+#                   http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html
+#           18. How Many?  A Dictionary of Units of Measurement.  Available at
+#                   http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html
+#           19. Numericana.  http://www.numericana.com
+#           20. UK history of measurement
+#                   http://www.ukmetrication.com/history.htm
+#
+# Thanks to Jeff Conrad for assistance in ferreting out unit definitions.
+#
+###########################################################################
+#
+# If units you use are missing or defined incorrectly, please contact me.
+#
+# I added shoe size information but I'm not convinced that it's correct.
+# If you know anything about shoe sizes please contact me.
+#
+###########################################################################
+###########################################################################
+#                                                                         #
+# Primitive units.  Any unit defined to contain a '!' character is a      #
+# primitive unit which will not be reduced any further.  All units should #
+# reduce to primitive units.                                              #
+#                                                                         #
+###########################################################################
+#
+# SI units
+#
+kg        !      # Mass of the international prototype
+kilogram  kg
+s         !      # Duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation
+second    s      #   corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine
+#   levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom
+m         !      # Length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum
+meter     m      #   during 1|299792458 seconds.  Originally meant to be
+#   1e-7 of the length along a meridian from the equator
+#   to a pole.
+A         !      # The current which produces a force of 2e-7 N/m between two
+ampere    A      #   infinitely long wires that are 1 meter apart
+amp       ampere
+cd        !      # Luminous intensity in a given direction of a source which
+candela   cd     #   emits monochromatic radiation at 540e12 Hz with radiant
+#   intensity 1|683 W/steradian.  (This differs from radiant
+#   intensity (W/sr) in that it is adjusted for human
+#   perceptual dependence on wavelength.  The frequency of
+#   540e12 Hz (yellow) is where human perception is most
+#   efficient.)
+mol       !      # The amount of substance of a system which contains as many
+mole      mol    #   elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of
+#   carbon 12.  The elementary entities must be specified and
+#   may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, or other
+#   particles or groups of particles.  It is understood that
+#   unbound atoms of carbon 12, at rest and in the ground
+#   state, are referred to.
+K         !      # 1|273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple
+kelvin    K      #   point of water
+#
+# The radian and steradian are defined as dimensionless primitive units.
+# The radian is equal to m/m and the steradian to m^2/m^2 so these units are
+# dimensionless.  Retaining them as named units is useful because it allows
+# clarity in expressions and makes the meaning of unit definitions more clear.
+# These units will reduce to 1 in conversions but not for sums of units or for
+# arguments to functions.
+#
+radian    !dimensionless   # The angle subtended at the center of a circle by
+#   an arc equal in length to the radius of the
+#   circle
+sr        !dimensionless   # Solid angle which cuts off an area of the surface
+steradian sr               #   of the sphere equal to that of a square with
+#   sides of length equal to the radius of the
+#   sphere
+#
+# Some primitive non-SI units
+#
+US$       !      # The US dollar is chosen arbitrarily to be the primitive
+#   unit of money.
+bit       !      # Basic unit of information (entropy).  The entropy in bits
+#   of a random variable over a finite alphabet is defined
+#   to be the sum of -p(i)*log2(p(i)) over the alphabet where
+#   p(i) is the probability that the random variable takes
+#   on the value i.
+###########################################################################
+#                                                                         #
+# Prefixes (longer names must come first)                                 #
+#                                                                         #
+###########################################################################
+yotta-                  1e24     # Greek or Latin octo, "eight"
+zetta-                  1e21     # Latin septem, "seven"
+exa-                    1e18     # Greek hex, "six"
+peta-                   1e15     # Greek pente, "five"
+tera-                   1e12     # Greek teras, "monster"
+giga-                   1e9      # Greek gigas, "giant"
+mega-                   1e6      # Greek megas, "large"
+myria-                  1e4      # Not an official SI prefix
+kilo-                   1e3      # Greek chilioi, "thousand"
+hecto-                  1e2      # Greek hekaton, "hundred"
+deca-                   1e1      # Greek deka, "ten"
+deka-                   deca
+deci-                   1e-1     # Latin decimus, "tenth"
+centi-                  1e-2     # Latin centum, "hundred"
+milli-                  1e-3     # Latin mille, "thousand"
+micro-                  1e-6     # Latin micro or Greek mikros, "small"
+nano-                   1e-9     # Latin nanus or Greek nanos, "dwarf"
+pico-                   1e-12    # Spanish pico, "a bit"
+femto-                  1e-15    # Danish-Norwegian femten, "fifteen"
+atto-                   1e-18    # Danish-Norwegian atten, "eighteen"
+zepto-                  1e-21    # Latin septem, "seven"
+yocto-                  1e-24    # Greek or Latin octo, "eight"
+quarter-                1|4
+semi-                   0.5
+demi-                   0.5
+hemi-                   0.5
+half-                   0.5
+double-                 2
+triple-                 3
+treble-                 3
+kibi-                   2^10     # In response to the convention of illegally
+mebi-                   2^20     # and confusingly using metric prefixes for
+gibi-                   2^30     # powers of two, the International
+tebi-                   2^40     # Electrotechnical Commission aproved these
+pebi-                   2^50     # binary prefixes for use in 1998.  If you
+exbi-                   2^60     # want to refer to "megabytes" using the
+Ki-                     kibi     # binary definition, use these prefixes.
+Mi-                     mebi
+Gi-                     gibi
+Ti-                     tebi
+Pi-                     pebi
+Ei-                     exbi
+Y-                      yotta
+Z-                      zetta
+E-                      exa
+P-                      peta
+T-                      tera
+G-                      giga
+M-                      mega
+k-                      kilo
+h-                      hecto
+da-                     deka
+d-                      deci
+c-                      centi
+m-                      milli
+u-                      micro   # it should be a mu but u is easy to type
+n-                      nano
+p-                      pico
+f-                      femto
+a-                      atto
+z-                      zepto
+y-                      yocto
+#
+# Names of some numbers
+#
+one                     1
+two                     2
+double                  2
+couple                  2
+three                   3
+triple                  3
+four                    4
+quadruple               4
+five                    5
+quintuple               5
+six                     6
+seven                   7
+eight                   8
+nine                    9
+ten                     10
+eleven                  11
+twelve                  12
+thirteen                13
+fourteen                14
+fifteen                 15
+sixteen                 16
+seventeen               17
+eighteen                18
+nineteen                19
+twenty                  20
+thirty                  30
+forty                   40
+fifty                   50
+sixty                   60
+seventy                 70
+eighty                  80
+ninety                  90
+hundred                 100
+thousand                1000
+million                 1e6
+# These number terms were described by N. Chuquet and De la Roche in the 16th
+# century as being successive powers of a million.  These definitions are still
+# used in most European countries.  The current US definitions for these
+# numbers arose in the 17th century and don't make nearly as much sense.  These
+# numbers are listed in the CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics by Eric
+# W. Weisstein.
+shortbillion               1e9
+shorttrillion              1e12
+shortquadrillion           1e15
+shortquintillion           1e18
+shortsextillion            1e21
+shortseptillion            1e24
+shortoctillion             1e27
+shortnonillion             1e30
+shortnoventillion          shortnonillion
+shortdecillion             1e33
+shortundecillion           1e36
+shortduodecillion          1e39
+shorttredecillion          1e42
+shortquattuordecillion     1e45
+shortquindecillion         1e48
+shortsexdecillion          1e51
+shortseptendecillion       1e54
+shortoctodecillion         1e57
+shortnovemdecillion        1e60
+shortvigintillion          1e63
+centillion              1e303
+googol                  1e100
+longbillion               million^2
+longtrillion              million^3
+longquadrillion           million^4
+longquintillion           million^5
+longsextillion            million^6
+longseptillion            million^7
+longoctillion             million^8
+longnonillion             million^9
+longnoventillion          longnonillion
+longdecillion             million^10
+longundecillion           million^11
+longduodecillion          million^12
+longtredecillion          million^13
+longquattuordecillion     million^14
+longquindecillion         million^15
+longsexdecillion          million^16
+longseptdecillion         million^17
+longoctodecillion         million^18
+longnovemdecillion        million^19
+longvigintillion          million^20
+# These numbers fill the gaps left by the long system above.
+milliard                1000 million
+billiard                1000 million^2
+trilliard               1000 million^3
+quadrilliard            1000 million^4
+quintilliard            1000 million^5
+sextilliard             1000 million^6
+septilliard             1000 million^7
+octilliard              1000 million^8
+nonilliard              1000 million^9
+noventilliard           nonilliard
+decilliard              1000 million^10
+# For consistency
+longmilliard              milliard
+longbilliard              billiard
+longtrilliard             trilliard
+longquadrilliard          quadrilliard
+longquintilliard          quintilliard
+longsextilliard           sextilliard
+longseptilliard           septilliard
+longoctilliard            octilliard
+longnonilliard            nonilliard
+longnoventilliard         noventilliard
+longdecilliard            decilliard
+# The long centillion would be 1e600.  The googolplex is another
+# familiar large number equal to 10^googol.  These numbers give overflows.
+#
+# The short system prevails in English speaking countries
+#
+billion	              	shortbillion
+trillion	      	shorttrillion
+quadrillion	      	shortquadrillion
+quintillion	      	shortquintillion
+sextillion	      	shortsextillion
+septillion	      	shortseptillion
+octillion	      	shortoctillion
+nonillion	      	shortnonillion
+noventillion	      	shortnoventillion
+decillion	      	shortdecillion
+undecillion	      	shortundecillion
+duodecillion	      	shortduodecillion
+tredecillion	      	shorttredecillion
+quattuordecillion     	shortquattuordecillion
+quindecillion	      	shortquindecillion
+sexdecillion	      	shortsexdecillion
+septendecillion	      	shortseptendecillion
+octodecillion	      	shortoctodecillion
+novemdecillion	      	shortnovemdecillion
+vigintillion	      	shortvigintillion
+#############################################################################
+#                                                                           #
+# Derived units which can be reduced to the primitive units                 #
+#                                                                           #
+#############################################################################
+#
+# Named SI derived units (officially accepted)
+#
+newton                  kg m / s^2   # force
+N                       newton
+pascal                  N/m^2        # pressure or stress
+Pa                      pascal
+joule                   N m          # energy
+J                       joule
+watt                    J/s          # power
+W                       watt
+coulomb                 A s          # charge
+C                       coulomb
+volt                    W/A          # potential difference
+V                       volt
+ohm                     V/A          # electrical resistance
+siemens                 A/V          # electrical conductance
+S                       siemens
+farad                   C/V          # capacitance
+F                       farad
+weber                   V s          # magnetic flux
+Wb                      weber
+henry                   Wb/A         # inductance
+H                       henry
+tesla                   Wb/m^2       # magnetic flux density
+T                       tesla
+hertz                   /s           # frequency
+Hz                      hertz
+#
+# Dimensions.  These are here to help with dimensional analysis and
+# because they will appear in the list produced by hitting '?' at the
+# "You want:" prompt to tell the user the dimension of the unit.
+#
+LENGTH                  meter
+AREA                    LENGTH^2
+VOLUME                  LENGTH^3
+MASS                    kilogram
+CURRENT                 ampere
+AMOUNT                  mole
+ANGLE                   radian
+SOLID_ANGLE             steradian
+MONEY                   US$
+FORCE                   newton
+PRESSURE                FORCE / AREA
+STRESS                  FORCE / AREA
+CHARGE                  coulomb
+CAPACITANCE             farad
+RESISTANCE              ohm
+CONDUCTANCE             siemens
+INDUCTANCE              henry
+FREQUENCY               hertz
+VELOCITY                LENGTH / TIME
+ACCELERATION            VELOCITY / TIME
+DENSITY                 MASS / VOLUME
+LINEAR_DENSITY          MASS / LENGTH
+VISCOSITY               FORCE TIME / AREA
+KINEMATIC_VISCOSITY     VISCOSITY / DENSITY
+#
+# units derived easily from SI units
+#
+gram                    millikg
+gm                      gram
+g                       gram
+tonne                   1000 kg
+t                       tonne
+metricton               tonne
+sthene                  tonne m / s^2
+funal                   sthene
+pieze                   sthene / m^2
+quintal                 100 kg
+bar                     1e5 Pa     # About 1 atm
+vac                     millibar
+micron                  micrometer # One millionth of a meter
+bicron                  picometer  # One brbillionth of a meter
+cc                      cm^3
+are                     100 m^2
+liter                   1000 cc       # The liter was defined in 1901 as the
+oldliter                1.000028 dm^3 # space occupied by 1 kg of pure water at
+l                       liter         # the temperature of its maximum density
+L                       liter         # under a pressure of 1 atm.  This was
+# supposed to be 1000 cubic cm, but it
+# was discovered that the original
+# measurement was off.  In 1964, the
+# liter was redefined to be exactly 1000
+# cubic centimeters.
+mho                     siemens    # Inverse of ohm, hence ohm spelled backward
+galvat                  ampere     # Named after Luigi Galvani
+angstrom                1e-10 m    # Convenient for describing molecular sizes
+xunit                   1.00202e-13 meter # Used for measuring wavelengths
+siegbahn                xunit             # of X-rays.  It is defined to be
+# 1|3029.45 of the spacing of calcite
+# planes at 18 degC.  It was intended
+# to be exactly 1e-13 m, but was
+# later found to be off slightly.
+fermi                   1e-15 m    # Convenient for describing nuclear sizes
+#   Nuclear radius is from 1 to 10 fermis
+barn                    1e-28 m^2  # Used to measure cross section for
+#   particle physics collision, said to
+#   have originated in the phrase "big as
+#   a barn".
+shed                    1e-24 barn # Defined to be a smaller companion to the
+#   barn, but it's too small to be of
+#   much use.
+brewster                micron^2/N # measures stress-optical coef
+diopter                 /m         # measures reciprocal of lens focal length
+fresnel                 1e12 Hz    # occasionally used in spectroscopy
+shake                   1e-8 sec
+svedberg                1e-13 s    # Used for measuring the sedimentation
+# coefficient for centrifuging.
+gamma                   microgram  # Also used for 1e-9 tesla
+lambda                  microliter
+spat                    1e12 m     # Rarely used for astronomical measurements
+preece                  1e13 ohm m # resistivity
+planck                  J s        # action of one joule over one second
+sturgeon                /henry     # magnetic reluctance
+daraf                   1/farad    # elastance (farad spelled backwards)
+leo                     10 m/s^2
+poiseuille              N s / m^2  # viscosity
+mayer                   J/g K      # specific heat
+mired                   / microK   # reciprocal color temperature.  The name
+#   abbreviates micro reciprocal degree.
+crocodile               megavolt   # used informally in UK physics labs
+metricounce             25 g
+mounce                  metricounce
+finsenunit              1e5 W/m^2  # Measures intensity of ultraviolet light
+# with wavelength 296.7 nm.
+fluxunit                1e-26 W/m^2 Hz # Used in radio astronomy to measure
+#   the energy incident on the receiving
+#   body across a specified frequency
+#   bandwidth.  [12]
+jansky                  fluxunit   # K. G. Jansky identified radio waves coming
+Jy                      jansky     # from outer space in 1931.
+pfu                    / cm^2 sr s # particle flux unit -- Used to measure
+#   rate at which particles are received by
+#   a spacecraft as particles per solid
+#   angle per detector area per second. [18]
+pyron            cal_IT / cm^2 min # Measures heat flow from solar radiation,
+#   from Greek work "pyr" for fire.
+katal                   mol/sec    # Measure of the amount of a catalyst.  One
+kat                     katal      #   katal of catalyst enables the reaction
+#   to consume or produce on mol/sec.
+#
+# time
+#
+sec                     s
+minute                  60 s
+min                     minute
+hour                    60 min
+hr                      hour
+day                     24 hr
+d                       day
+da                      day
+week                    7 day
+wk                      week
+sennight                7 day
+fortnight               14 day
+blink                   1e-5 day   # Actual human blink takes 1|3 second
+ce                      1e-2 day
+cron                    1e6 years
+watch                   4 hours    # time a sentry stands watch or a ship's
+# crew is on duty.
+bell                    1|8 watch  # Bell would be sounded every 30 minutes.
+#
+# angular measure
+#
+circle                  2 pi radian
+degree                  1|360 circle
+deg                     degree
+arcdeg                  degree
+arcmin                  1|60 degree
+arcminute               arcmin
+'                       arcmin
+arcsec                  1|60 arcmin
+arcsecond               arcsec
+"                       arcsec
+''                      "
+rightangle              90 degrees
+quadrant                1|4 circle
+quintant                1|5 circle
+sextant                 1|6 circle
+sign                    1|12 circle # Angular extent of one sign of the zodiac
+turn                    circle
+revolution              turn
+rev                     turn
+pulsatance              radian / sec
+gon                     1|100 rightangle  # measure of grade
+grade                   gon
+centesimalminute        1|100 grade
+centesimalsecond        1|100 centesimalminute
+milangle                1|6400 circle     # Official NIST definition.
+# Another choice is 1e-3 radian.
+pointangle              1|32 circle  # Used for reporting compass readings
+centrad                 0.01 radian  # Used for angular deviation of light
+# through a prism.
+mas                     milli arcsec # Used by astronomers
+seclongitude            circle (seconds/day) # Astronomers measure longitude
+# (which they call right ascension) in
+# time units by dividing the equator into
+# 24 hours instead of 360 degrees.
+#
+# Some geometric formulas
+#
+circlearea(r)   [m;m^2] pi r^2 ; sqrt(circlearea/pi)
+spherevolume(r) [m;m^3] 4|3 pi r^3 ; cuberoot(spherevolume/4|3 pi)
+spherevol(r)    [m;m^3] spherevolume(r) ; ~spherevolume(spherevol)
+square(x)               x^2 ; sqrt(square)
+#
+# Solid angle measure
+#
+sphere                  4 pi sr
+squaredegree            1|180^2 pi^2 sr
+squareminute            1|60^2 squaredegree
+squaresecond            1|60^2 squareminute
+squarearcmin            squareminute
+squarearcsec            squaresecond
+sphericalrightangle     0.5 pi sr
+octant                  0.5 pi sr
+#
+# Concentration measures
+#
+percent                 0.01
+%                       percent
+mill                    0.001     # Originally established by Congress in 1791
+# as a unit of money equal to 0.001 dollars,
+# it has come to refer to 0.001 in general.
+# Used by some towns to set their property
+# tax rate, and written with a symbol similar
+# to the % symbol but with two 0's in the
+# denominator.  [18]
+proof                   1|200     # Alcohol content measured by volume at
+# 60 degrees Fahrenheit.  This is a USA
+# measure.  In Europe proof=percent.
+ppm                     1e-6
+partspermillion         ppm
+ppb                     1e-9
+partsperbillion         ppb       # USA billion
+ppt                     1e-12
+partspertrillion        ppt       # USA trillion
+karat                   1|24      # measure of gold purity
+caratgold               karat
+gammil                  mg/l
+basispoint              0.01 %    # Used in finance
+fine                    1|1000    # Measure of gold purity
+# The pH scale is used to measure the concentration of hydronium (H3O+) ions in
+# a solution.  A neutral solution has a pH of 7 as a result of dissociated
+# water molecules.
+pH(x) [;mol/liter] 10^(-x) mol/liter ; (-log(pH liters/mol))
+#
+# Temperature
+#
+# Two types of units are defined: units for converting temperature differences
+# and functions for converting absolute temperatures.  Conversions for
+# differences start with "deg" and conversions for absolute temperature start
+# with "temp".
+#
+TEMPERATURE             kelvin
+TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE  kelvin
+tempC(x) [;K] x K + stdtemp ; (tempC +(-stdtemp))/K  # In 1741 Anders Celsius
+tempcelsius(x) [;K] tempC(x); ~tempC(tempcelsius)    # introduced a temperature
+degcelsius              K         # scale with water boiling at 0 degrees and
+degC                    K         # freezing at 100 degrees at standard
+# pressure. After his death the fixed points
+# were reversed and the scale was called the
+# centigrade scale.  Due to the difficulty of
+# accurately measuring the temperature of
+# melting ice at standard pressure, the
+# centigrade scale was replaced in 1954 by
+# the Celsius scale which is defined by
+# subtracting 273.15 from the temperature in
+# Kelvins.  This definition differed slightly
+# from the old centigrade definition, but the
+# Kelvin scale depends on the triple point of
+# water rather than a melting point, so it
+# can be measured accurately.
+tempF(x) [;K] (x+(-32)) degF + stdtemp ; (tempF+(-stdtemp))/degF + 32
+tempfahrenheit(x) [;K] tempF(x) ; ~tempF(tempfahrenheit)
+degfahrenheit           5|9 degC  # Fahrenheit defined his temperature scale
+degF                    5|9 degC  # by setting 0 to the coldest temperature
+# he could produce in his lab with a salt
+# water solution and by setting 96 degrees to
+# body heat.  In Fahrenheit's words:
+#
+#    Placing the thermometer in a mixture of
+#    sal ammoniac or sea salt, ice, and water
+#    a point on the scale will be found which
+#    is denoted as zero. A second point is
+#    obtained if the same mixture is used
+#    without salt. Denote this position as
+#    30. A third point, designated as 96, is
+#    obtained if the thermometer is placed in
+#    the mouth so as to acquire the heat of a
+#    healthy man."  (D. G. Fahrenheit,
+#    Phil. Trans. (London) 33, 78, 1724)
+degreesrankine          degF              # The Rankine scale has the
+degrankine              degreesrankine    # Fahrenheit degree, but its zero
+degreerankine           degF              # is at absolute zero.
+degR                    degrankine
+tempR                   degrankine
+temprankine             degrankine
+tempreaumur(x) [;K] x degreaumur+stdtemp ; (tempreaumur+(-stdtemp))/degreaumur
+degreaumur              10|8 degC # The Reaumur scale was used in Europe and
+# particularly in France.  It is defined
+# to be 0 at the freezing point of water
+# and 80 at the boiling point.  Reaumur
+# apparently selected 80 because it is
+# divisible by many numbers.
+degK                    K         # "Degrees Kelvin" is forbidden usage.
+tempK                   K         # For consistency.
+# Gas mark is implemented below but in a terribly ugly way.  There is
+# a simple formula, but it requires a conditional which is not
+# presently supported.
+#
+# The formula to convert to degrees Fahrenheit is:
+#
+# 25 log2(gasmark) + k_f   gasmark<=1
+# 25 (gasmark-1) + k_f     gasmark>=1
+#
+# k_f = 275
+#
+gasmark[degR] \
+.0625    634.67 \
+.125 	   659.67 \
+.25  	   684.67 \
+.5   	   709.67 \
+1    	   734.67 \
+2    	   759.67 \
+3    	   784.67 \
+4    	   809.67 \
+5    	   834.67 \
+6    	   859.67 \
+7    	   884.67 \
+8    	   909.67 \
+9    	   934.67 \
+10   	   959.67
+# Units cannot handle wind chill or heat index because they are two variable
+# functions, but they are included here for your edification.  Clearly these
+# equations are the result of a model fitting operation.
+#
+# wind chill index (WCI) a measurement of the combined cooling effect of low
+#      air temperature and wind on the human body. The index was first defined
+#      by the American Antarctic explorer Paul Siple in 1939. As currently used
+#      by U.S. meteorologists, the wind chill index is computed from the
+#      temperature T (in �F) and wind speed V (in mi/hr) using the formula:
+#          WCI = 0.0817(3.71 sqrt(V) + 5.81 - 0.25V)(T - 91.4) + 91.4.
+#      For very low wind speeds, below 4 mi/hr, the WCI is actually higher than
+#      the air temperature, but for higher wind speeds it is lower than the air
+#      temperature.
+#
+# heat index (HI or HX) a measure of the combined effect of heat and
+#      humidity on the human body. U.S. meteorologists compute the index
+#      from the temperature T (in �F) and the relative humidity H (as a
+#      value from 0 to 1).
+#        HI = -42.379 + 2.04901523 T + 1014.333127 H - 22.475541 TH
+#             - .00683783 T^2 - 548.1717 H^2 + 0.122874 T^2 H + 8.5282 T H^2
+#             - 0.0199 T^2 H^2.
+#
+# Physical constants
+#
+# Basic constants
+pi                      3.14159265358979323846
+c                       2.99792458e8 m/s # speed of light in vacuum (exact)
+light                   c
+mu0                     4 pi 1e-7 H/m    # permeability of vacuum (exact)
+epsilon0                1/mu0 c^2        # permittivity of vacuum (exact)
+energy                  c^2              # convert mass to energy
+e                      1.602176487e-19 C # electron charge
+h                     6.62606896e-34 J s # Planck constant
+hbar                    h / 2 pi
+spin                    hbar
+G               6.67428e-11 N m^2 / kg^2 # Newtonian gravitational constant
+#    This is the NIST 2002 value.
+#    Note that NIST increased the
+#    uncertainty of G to 1500 ppm
+#    as a result of disagreements
+#    between experiments performed in
+#    the late 1990s.  Some other
+#    sources give conflicting values
+#    with a much lower uncertainty.
+coulombconst            1/4 pi epsilon0  # listed as "k" sometimes
+# Physico-chemical constants
+atomicmassunit         1.660538782e-27 kg# atomic mass unit (defined to be
+u                       atomicmassunit   #   1|12 of the mass of carbon 12)
+amu                     atomicmassunit
+amu_chem                1.66026e-27 kg   # 1|16 of the weighted average mass of
+#   the 3 naturally occuring neutral
+#   isotopes of oxygen
+amu_phys                1.65981e-27 kg   # 1|16 of the mass of a neutral
+#   oxygen 16 atom
+dalton                  u                # Maybe this should be amu_chem?
+avogadro                grams/amu mol    # size of a mole
+N_A                     avogadro
+gasconstant           8.314472 J / mol K # molar gas constant
+R                       gasconstant
+boltzmann               R / N_A          # Boltzmann constant
+k                       boltzmann
+kboltzmann              boltzmann
+molarvolume         mol R stdtemp / atm  # Volume occupied by one mole of an
+#   ideal gas at STP.
+loschmidt     avogadro mol / molarvolume # Molecules per cubic meter of an
+#   ideal gas at STP.  Loschmidt did
+#   work similar to Avogadro.
+stefanboltzmann pi^2 k^4 / 60 hbar^3 c^2 # The power per area radiated by a
+sigma                   stefanboltzmann  #   blackbody at temperature T is
+#   given by sigma T^4.
+wiendisplacement        2.8977685e-3 m K # Wien's Displacement Law gives the
+#   frequency at which the the Planck
+#   spectrum has maximum intensity.
+#   The relation is lambda T = b where
+#   lambda is wavelength, T is
+#   temperature and b is the Wien
+#   displacement.  This relation is
+#   used to determine the temperature
+#   of stars.
+K_J    483597.9 GHz/V   # Direct measurement of the volt is difficult.  Until
+#   recently, laboratories kept Weston cadmium cells as
+#   a reference, but they could drift.  In 1987 the
+#   CGPM officially recommended the use of the
+#   Josephson effect as a laboratory representation of
+#   the volt.  The Josephson effect occurs when two
+#   superconductors are separated by a thin insulating
+#   layer.  A "supercurrent" flows across the insulator
+#   with a frequency that depends on the potential
+#   applied across the superconductors.  This frequency
+#   can be very accurately measured.  The Josephson
+#   constant K_J, which is equal to 2e/h, relates the
+#   measured frequency to the potential.  The value
+#   given here is the officially specified value for
+#   use beginning in 1990.  The 2006 recommended value
+#   of the constant is 483597.891 GHz/V.
+R_K    25812.807 ohm    # Measurement of the ohm also presents difficulties.
+#   The old approach involved maintaining resistances
+#   that were subject to drift.  The new standard is
+#   based on the Hall effect.  When a current carrying
+#   ribbon is placed in a magnetic field, a potential
+#   difference develops across the ribbon.  The ratio
+#   of the potential difference to the current is
+#   called the Hall resistance.  Klaus von Klitzing
+#   discovered in 1980 that the Hall resistance varies
+#   in discrete jumps when the magnetic field is very
+#   large and the temperature very low.  This enables
+#   accurate realization of the resistance h/e^2 in the
+#   lab.  The value given here is the officially
+#   specified value for use beginning in 1990.
+# Various conventional values
+gravity                 9.80665 m/s^2    # std acceleration of gravity (exact)
+force                   gravity          # use to turn masses into forces
+atm                     101325 Pa        # Standard atmospheric pressure
+atmosphere              atm
+Hg             13.5951 gram force / cm^3 # Standard weight of mercury (exact)
+water                   gram force/cm^3  # Standard weight of water (exact)
+waterdensity            gram / cm^3      # Density of water
+H2O                     water
+wc                      water            # water column
+mach                    331.46 m/s       # speed of sound in dry air at STP
+standardtemp            273.15 K         # standard temperature
+stdtemp                 standardtemp
+# Weight of mercury and water at different temperatures using the standard
+# force of gravity.
+Hg10C         13.5708 force gram / cm^3  # These units, when used to form
+Hg20C         13.5462 force gram / cm^3  # pressure measures, are not accurate
+Hg23C         13.5386 force gram / cm^3  # because of considerations of the
+Hg30C         13.5217 force gram / cm^3  # revised practical temperature scale.
+Hg40C         13.4973 force gram / cm^3
+Hg60F         13.5574 force gram / cm^3
+H2O0C         0.99987 force gram / cm^3
+H2O5C         0.99999 force gram / cm^3
+H2O10C        0.99973 force gram / cm^3
+H2O15C        0.99913 force gram / cm^3
+H2O18C        0.99862 force gram / cm^3
+H2O20C        0.99823 force gram / cm^3
+H2O25C        0.99707 force gram / cm^3
+H2O50C        0.98807 force gram / cm^3
+H2O100C       0.95838 force gram / cm^3
+# Atomic constants
+Rinfinity            10973731.568527 /m  # The wavelengths of a spectral series
+R_H                     10967760 /m      #   can be expressed as
+#     1/lambda = R (1/m^2 - 1/n^2).
+#   where R is a number that various
+#   slightly from element to element.
+#   For hydrogen, R_H is the value,
+#   and for heavy elements, the value
+#   approaches Rinfinity, which can be
+#   computed from
+#        m_e c alpha^2 / 2 h
+#   with a loss of 5 digits
+#   of precision.
+alpha                   7.2973525376e-3  # The fine structure constant was
+#   introduced to explain fine
+#   structure visible in spectral
+#   lines.  It can be computed from
+#         mu0 c e^2 / 2 h
+#   with a loss of 3 digits precision
+#   and loss of precision in derived
+#   values which use alpha.
+bohrradius              alpha / 4 pi Rinfinity
+prout                   185.5 keV        # nuclear binding energy equal to 1|12
+#   binding energy of the deuteron
+# Planck constants
+planckmass              2.17644e-8 kg     # sqrt(hbar c / G)
+m_P                     planckmass
+plancktime              hbar / planckmass c^2
+t_P                     plancktime
+plancklength            plancktime c
+l_P                     plancklength
+# Masses of elementary particles
+electronmass            5.4857990943e-4 u
+m_e                     electronmass
+protonmass              1.00727646677 u
+m_p                     protonmass
+neutronmass             1.00866491597 u
+m_n                     neutronmass
+muonmass                0.1134289256 u
+m_mu                    muonmass
+deuteronmass            2.013553212724 u
+m_d                     deuteronmass
+alphaparticlemass       4.001506179127 u
+m_alpha                 alphaparticlemass
+# particle wavelengths: the compton wavelength of a particle is
+# defined as h / m c where m is the mass of the particle.
+electronwavelength      h / m_e c
+lambda_C                electronwavelength
+protonwavelength        h / m_p c
+lambda_C,p              protonwavelength
+neutronwavelength       h / m_n c
+lambda_C,n              neutronwavelength
+# Magnetic moments
+bohrmagneton            e hbar / 2 electronmass
+mu_B                    bohrmagneton
+nuclearmagneton         e hbar /  2 protonmass
+mu_N                    nuclearmagneton
+mu_mu                   4.49044786e-26 J/T  # Muon magnetic moment
+mu_p                    1.410606662e-26 J/T # Proton magnetic moment
+mu_e                    928.476377e-26 J/T  # Electron magnetic moment
+mu_n                    0.96623641e-26 J/T  # Neutron magnetic moment
+mu_d                    0.433073465e-26 J/T # Deuteron magnetic moment
+#
+# Units derived from physical constants
+#
+kgf                     kg force
+technicalatmosphere     kgf / cm^2
+at                      technicalatmosphere
+hyl                     kgf s^2 / m   # Also gram-force s^2/m according to [15]
+mmHg                    mm Hg
+torr                    mmHg     # These units, both named after Evangelista
+tor                     Pa       # Torricelli, should not be confused.
+# Acording to [15] the torr is actually
+# atm/760 which is slightly different.
+inHg                    inch Hg
+inH2O                   inch water
+mmH2O                   mm water
+eV                      e V      # Energy acquired by a particle with charge e
+electronvolt            eV       #   when it is accelerated through 1 V
+lightyear               c julianyear # The 365.25 day year is specified in
+ly                      lightyear    # NIST publication 811
+lightsecond             c s
+lightminute             c min
+parsec                  au / tan(arcsec)    # Unit of length equal to distance
+pc                      parsec              #   from the sun to a point having
+#   heliocentric parallax of 1
+#   arcsec (derived from parallax
+#   second).  A distant object with
+#   paralax theta will be about
+#   (arcsec/theta) parsecs from the
+#   sun (using the approximation
+#   that tan(theta) = theta).
+rydberg                 h c Rinfinity       # Rydberg energy
+crith                   0.089885 gram       # The crith is the mass of one
+#   liter of hydrogen at standard
+#   temperature and pressure.
+amagatvolume            molarvolume
+amagat                  mol/amagatvolume    # Used to measure gas densities
+lorentz                 bohrmagneton / h c  # Used to measure the extent
+#   that the frequency of light
+#   is shifted by a magnetic field.
+cminv                   h c / cm            # Unit of energy used in infrared
+invcm                   cminv               #   spectroscopy.
+wavenumber              cminv
+kcal_mol                kcal_th / mol N_A   # kcal/mol is used as a unit of
+#   energy by physical chemists.
+#
+# CGS system based on centimeter, gram and second
+#
+dyne                    cm gram / s^2   # force
+dyn                     dyne
+erg                     cm dyne         # energy
+poise                   gram / cm s     # viscosity, honors Jean Poiseuille
+P                       poise
+rhe                     /poise          # reciprocal viscosity
+stokes                  cm^2 / s        # kinematic viscosity
+St                      stokes
+stoke                   stokes
+lentor                  stokes          # old name
+Gal                     cm / s^2        # acceleration, used in geophysics
+galileo                 Gal             # for earth's gravitational field
+# (note that "gal" is for gallon
+# but "Gal" is the standard symbol
+# for the gal which is evidently a
+# shortened form of "galileo".)
+barye                   dyne/cm^2       # pressure
+barad                   barye           # old name
+kayser                  1/cm            # Proposed as a unit for wavenumber
+balmer                  kayser          # Even less common name than "kayser"
+kine                    cm/s            # velocity
+bole                    g cm / s        # momentum
+pond                    gram force
+glug                gram force s^2 / cm # Mass which is accelerated at
+#   1 cm/s^2 by 1 gram force
+darcy           centipoise cm^2 / s atm # Measures permeability to fluid flow.
+#   One darcy is the permeability of a
+#   medium that allows a flow of cc/s
+#   of a liquid of centipoise viscosity
+#   under a pressure gradient of
+#   atm/cm.  Named for H. Darcy.
+mohm                    cm / dyn s      # mobile ohm, measure of mechanical
+mobileohm               mohm            #   mobility
+mechanicalohm           dyn s / cm      # mechanical resistance
+acousticalohm           dyn s / cm^5    # ratio of the sound pressure of
+#   1 dyn/cm^2 to a source of strength
+#   1 cm^3/s
+ray                     acousticalohm
+rayl                    dyn s / cm^3    # Specific acoustical resistance
+eotvos                  1e-9 Gal/cm     # Change in gravitational acceleration
+#   over horizontal distance
+# Electromagnetic units derived from the abampere
+abampere                10 A            # Current which produces a force of
+abamp                   abampere        #   2 dyne/cm between two infinitely
+aA                      abampere        #   long wires that are 1 cm apart
+biot                    aA              # alternative name for abamp
+Bi                      biot
+abcoulomb               abamp sec
+abcoul                  abcoulomb
+abfarad                 abampere sec / abvolt
+abhenry                 abvolt sec / abamp
+abvolt                  dyne cm  / abamp sec
+abohm                   abvolt / abamp
+abmho                   /abohm
+gauss                   abvolt sec / cm^2
+Gs                      gauss
+maxwell                 abvolt sec      # Also called the "line"
+Mx                      maxwell
+oersted                 gauss / mu0
+Oe                      oersted
+gilbert                 gauss cm / mu0
+Gb                      gilbert
+Gi                      gilbert
+unitpole                4 pi maxwell
+emu                     erg/gauss  # "electro-magnetic unit", a measure of
+# magnetic moment, often used as emu/cm^3
+# to specify magnetic moment density.
+# Gaussian system: electromagnetic units derived from statampere.
+#
+# Note that the Gaussian units are often used in such a way that Coulomb's law
+# has the form F= q1 * q2 / r^2.  The constant 1|4*pi*epsilon0 is incorporated
+# into the units.  From this, we can get the relation force=charge^2/dist^2.
+# This means that the simplification esu^2 = dyne cm^2 can be used to simplify
+# units in the Gaussian system, with the curious result that capacitance can be
+# measured in cm, resistance in sec/cm, and inductance in sec^2/cm.  These
+# units are given the names statfarad, statohm and stathenry below.
+statampere              10 A cm / s c
+statamp                 statampere
+statvolt                dyne cm / statamp sec
+statcoulomb             statamp s
+esu                     statcoulomb
+statcoul                statcoulomb
+statfarad               statamp sec / statvolt
+cmcapacitance           statfarad
+stathenry               statvolt sec / statamp
+statohm                 statvolt / statamp
+statmho                 /statohm
+statmaxwell             statvolt sec
+franklin                statcoulomb
+debye                   1e-18 statcoul cm # unit of electrical dipole moment
+helmholtz               debye/angstrom^2  # Dipole moment per area
+jar                     1000 statfarad    # approx capacitance of Leyden jar
+#
+# Some historical eletromagnetic units
+#
+intampere               0.999835 A    # Defined as the current which in one
+intamp                  intampere     #   second deposits .001118 gram of
+#   silver from an aqueous solution of
+#   silver nitrate.
+intfarad                0.999505 F
+intvolt                 1.00033 V
+intohm                  1.000495 ohm  # Defined as the resistance of a
+#   uniform column of mercury containing
+#   14.4521 gram in a column 1.063 m
+#   long and maintained at 0 degC.
+daniell                 1.042 V       # Meant to be electromotive force of a
+#   Daniell cell, but in error by .04 V
+faraday                 N_A e mol     # Charge that must flow to deposit or
+faraday_phys            96521.9 C     #   liberate one gram equivalent of any
+faraday_chem            96495.7 C     #   element.  (The chemical and physical
+#   values are off slightly from what is
+#   obtained by multiplying by amu_chem
+#   or amu_phys.  These values are from
+#   a 1991 NIST publication.)  Note that
+#   there is a Faraday constant which is
+#   equal to N_A e and hence has units of
+#   C/mol.
+kappline                6000 maxwell  # Named by and for Gisbert Kapp
+siemensunit             0.9534 ohm    # Resistance of a meter long column of
+#   mercury with a 1 mm cross section.
+#
+# Photometric units
+#
+LUMINOUS_INTENSITY      candela
+LUMINOUS_FLUX           lumen
+LUMINOUS_ENERGY         talbot
+ILLUMINANCE             lux
+EXITANCE                lux
+candle                  1.02 candela  # Standard unit for luminous intensity
+hefnerunit              0.9 candle    #   in use before candela
+hefnercandle            hefnerunit    #
+violle                  20.17 cd      # luminous intensity of 1 cm^2 of
+#   platinum at its temperature of
+#   solidification (2045 K)
+lumen                   cd sr         # Luminous flux (luminous energy per
+lm                      lumen         #    time unit)
+talbot                  lumen s       # Luminous energy
+lumberg                 talbot        # References give these values for
+lumerg                  talbot        #    lumerg and lumberg both.  Note that
+#    a paper from 1948 suggests that
+				      #    lumerg should be 1e-7 talbots so
+				      #    that lumergs/erg = talbots/joule.
+#    lumerg = luminous erg
+lux                     lm/m^2        # Illuminance or exitance (luminous
+lx                      lux           #   flux incident on or coming from
+phot                    lumen / cm^2  #   a surface)
+ph                      phot          #
+footcandle              lumen/ft^2    # Illuminance from a 1 candela source
+#    at a distance of one foot
+metercandle             lumen/m^2     # Illuminance from a 1 candela source
+#    at a distance of one meter
+mcs                     metercandle s # luminous energy per area, used to
+#    measure photographic exposure
+nox                     1e-3 lux      # These two units were proposed for
+skot                    1e-3 apostilb # measurements relating to dark adapted
+# eyes.
+# Luminance measures
+LUMINANCE               nit
+nit                     cd/m^2        # Luminance: the intensity per projected
+stilb                   cd / cm^2     # area of an extended luminous source.
+sb                      stilb         # (nit is from latin nitere = to shine.)
+apostilb                cd/pi m^2
+asb                     apostilb
+blondel                 apostilb      # Named after a French scientist.
+# Equivalent luminance measures.  These units are units which measure
+# the luminance of a surface with a specified exitance which obeys
+# Lambert's law.  (Lambert's law specifies that luminous intensity of
+# a perfectly diffuse luminous surface is proportional to the cosine
+# of the angle at which you view the luminous surface.)
+equivalentlux           cd / pi m^2   # luminance of a 1 lux surface
+equivalentphot          cd / pi cm^2  # luminance of a 1 phot surface
+lambert                 cd / pi cm^2
+footlambert             cd / pi ft^2
+# The bril is used to express "brilliance" of a source of light on a
+# logarithmic scale to correspond to subjective perception.  An increase of 1
+# bril means doubling the luminance.  A luminance of 1 lambert is defined to
+# have a brilliance of 1 bril.
+bril(x) [;lambert]  2^(x+-100) lamberts ;log2(bril/lambert)+100
+# Some luminance data from the IES Lighting Handbook, 8th ed, 1993
+sunlum                  1.6e9 cd/m^2  # at zenith
+sunillum                100e3 lux     # clear sky
+sunillum_o              10e3 lux      # overcast sky
+sunlum_h                6e6 cd/m^2    # value at horizon
+skylum                  8000 cd/m^2   # average, clear sky
+skylum_o                2000 cd/m^2   # average, overcast sky
+moonlum                 2500 cd/m^2
+# Photographic Exposure Value
+#
+# The Additive Photographic EXposure (APEX) system developed in Germany in
+# the 1960s was an attempt to simplify exposure determination for people
+# who relied on exposure tables rather than exposure meters.  Shortly
+# thereafter, nearly all cameras incorporated exposure meters, so the APEX
+# system never caught on, but the concept of Exposure Value (EV) given by
+#
+#            A^2   LS   ES
+#     2^EV = --- = -- = --
+#             T    K    C
+#
+# Where
+#     A = Relative aperture (f-number)
+#     T = Shutter time in seconds
+#     L = Scene luminance in cd/m2
+#     E = Scene illuminance in lux
+#     S = Arithmetic ISO film speed
+#     K = Reflected-light meter calibration constant
+#     C = Incident-light meter calibration constant
+#
+# remains in use.  Strictly speaking, an Exposure Value is a combination
+# of aperture and shutter time, but it's also commonly used to indicate
+# luminance (or illuminance).  Conversion to luminance or illuminance
+# units depends on the ISO film speed and the meter calibration constant.
+# Common practice is to use an ISO film speed of 100 (because film speeds
+# are in even 1/3-step increments, the exact value is 64 * 2^(2|3)).
+# Calibration constants vary among camera and meter manufacturers: Canon,
+# Nikon, and Sekonic use a value of 12.5 for reflected-light meters, while
+# Minolta and Pentax use a value of 14.  Minolta and Sekonic use a value
+# of 250 for incident-light meters with flat receptors.
+s100                    64 * 2^(2|3) / lx s     # exact speed for ISO 100 film
+# Reflected-light meter calibration constant with ISO 100 film
+k1250                   12.5 (cd/m2) / lx s     # For Canon, Nikon, and Sekonic
+k1400                   14   (cd/m2) / lx s     # For Minolta and Pentax
+# Incident-light meter calibration constant with ISO 100 film
+c250                    250 lx / lx s           # flat-disc receptor
+# Exposure value to scene luminance with ISO 100 film
+# For Minolta or Pentax
+#ev100(x) [;cd/m^2] 2^x k1400 / s100; log2(ev100 s100 / k1400)
+# For Canon, Nikon or Sekonic
+ev100(x) [;cd/m^2] 2^x k1250 / s100; log2(ev100 s100 / k1250)
+# Exposure value to scene illuminance with ISO 100 film
+iv100(x) [1;lx] 2^x c250 / s100; log2(iv100 s100 / c250)
+#
+# Astronomical time measurements
+#
+# Astronmical time measurement is a complicated matter.  The length of the true
+# day at a given place can be 21 seconds less than 24 hours or 30 seconds over
+# 24 hours.  The two main reasons for this are the varying speed of the earth
+# in its elliptical orbit and the fact that the sun moves on the ecliptic
+# instead of along the celestial equator.  To devise a workable system for time
+# measurement, Simon Newcomb (1835-1909) used a fictitious "mean sun".
+# Consider a first fictitious sun traveling along the ecliptic at a constant
+# speed and coinciding with the true sun at perigee and apogee.  Then
+# considering a second fictitious sun traveling along the celestial equator at
+# a constant speed and coinciding with the first fictitious sun at the
+# equinoxes.  The second fictitious sun is the "mean sun".  From this equations
+# can be written out to determine the length of the mean day, and the tropical
+# year.  The length of the second was determined based on the tropical year
+# from such a calculation and was officially used from 1960-1967 until atomic
+# clocks replaced astronomical measurements for a standard of time.  All of the
+# values below give the mean time for the specified interval.
+#
+# See "Mathematical Astronomy Morsels" by Jean Meeus for more details
+# and a description of how to compute the correction to mean time.
+#
+TIME                    second
+anomalisticyear         365.2596 days       # The time between successive
+#   perihelion passages of the
+#   earth.
+siderealyear            365.256360417 day   # The time for the earth to make
+#   one revolution around the sun
+#   relative to the stars.
+tropicalyear            365.242198781 day   # The time needed for the mean sun
+#   as defined above to increase
+#   its longitude by 360 degrees.
+#   Most references defined the
+#   tropical year as the interval
+#   between vernal equinoxes, but
+#   this is misleading.  The length
+#   of the season changes over time
+#   because of the eccentricity of
+#   the earth's orbit.  The time
+#   between vernal equinoxes is
+#   approximately 365.24237 days
+#   around the year 2000.  See
+#   "Mathematical Astronomy
+#   Morsels" for more details.
+eclipseyear             346.62 days         # The line of nodes is the
+#   intersection of the plane of
+#   Earth's orbit around the sun
+#   with the plane of the moon's
+#   orbit around earth.  Eclipses
+#   can only occur when the moon
+#   and sun are close to this
+#   line.  The line rotates and
+#   appearances of the sun on the
+#   line of nodes occur every
+#   eclipse year.
+saros                   223 synodicmonth    # The earth, moon and sun appear in
+#   the same arrangement every
+#   saros, so if an eclipse occurs,
+#   then one saros later, a similar
+#   eclipse will occur.  (The saros
+#   is close to 19 eclipse years.)
+#   The eclipse will occur about
+#   120 degrees west of the
+#   preceeding one because the
+#   saros is not an even number of
+#   days.  After 3 saros, an
+#   eclipse will occur at
+#   approximately the same place.
+siderealday             86164.09054 s       # The sidereal day is the interval
+siderealhour            1|24 siderealday    #   between two successive transits
+siderealminute          1|60 siderealhour   #   of a star over the meridian,
+siderealsecond          1|60 siderealminute #   or the time required  for the
+#   earth to make one rotation
+#   relative to the stars.  The
+#   more usual solar day is the
+#   time required to make a
+#   rotation relative to the sun.
+#   Because the earth moves in its
+#   orbit, it has to turn a bit
+#   extra to face the sun again,
+#   hence the solar day is slightly
+#   longer.
+anomalisticmonth        27.55454977 day     # Time for the moon to travel from
+#   perigee to perigee
+nodicalmonth            27.2122199 day      # The nodes are the points where
+draconicmonth           nodicalmonth        #   an orbit crosses the ecliptic.
+draconiticmonth         nodicalmonth        #   This is the time required to
+#   travel from the ascending node
+#   to the next ascending node.
+siderealmonth           27.321661 day       # Time required for the moon to
+#   orbit the earth
+lunarmonth              29 days + 12 hours + 44 minutes + 2.8 seconds
+# Mean time between full moons.
+synodicmonth            lunarmonth          #   Full moons occur when the sun
+lunation                synodicmonth        #   and moon are on opposite sides
+lune                    1|30 lunation       #   of the earth.  Since the earth
+lunour                  1|24 lune           #   moves around the sun, the moon
+#   has to revolve a bit extra to
+#   get into the full moon
+#   configuration.
+year                    tropicalyear
+yr                      year
+month                   1|12 year
+mo                      month
+lustrum                 5 years             # The Lustrum was a Roman
+#   purification ceremony that took
+#   place every five years.
+#   Classically educated Englishmen
+#   used this term.
+decade                  10 years
+century                 100 years
+millennium              1000 years
+millennia               millennium
+solaryear               year
+lunaryear               12 lunarmonth
+calendaryear            365 day
+commonyear              365 day
+leapyear                366 day
+julianyear              365.25 day
+gregorianyear           365.2425 day
+islamicyear             354 day          # A year of 12 lunar months. They
+islamicleapyear         355 day          # began counting on July 16, AD 622
+# when Muhammad emigrated to Medina
+# (the year of the Hegira).  They need
+# 11 leap days in 30 years to stay in
+# sync with the lunar year which is a
+# bit longer than the 29.5 days of the
+# average month.  The months do not
+# keep to the same seasons, but
+# regress through the seasons every
+# 32.5 years.
+islamicmonth            1|12 islamicyear # They have 29 day and 30 day months.
+# The Hewbrew year is also based on lunar months, but synchronized to the solar
+# calendar.  The months vary irregularly between 29 and 30 days in length, and
+# the years likewise vary.  The regular year is 353, 354, or 355 days long.  To
+# keep up with the solar calendar, a leap month of 30 days is inserted every
+# 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years of a 19 year cycle.  This
+# gives leap years that last 383, 384, or 385 days.
+# Sidereal days
+mercuryday              58.6462 day
+venusday                243.01 day        # retrograde
+earthday                siderealday
+marsday                 1.02595675 day
+jupiterday              0.41354 day
+saturnday               0.4375 day
+uranusday               0.65 day          # retrograde
+neptuneday              0.768 day
+plutoday                6.3867 day
+# Sidereal years from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/phys_props_planets.html.  Data
+# was updated in May 2001 based on the 1992 Explanatory Supplement to the
+# Astronomical Almanac and the mean longitude rates.  Apparently the table of
+# years in that reference is incorrect.
+mercuryyear             0.2408467 julianyear
+venusyear               0.61519726 julianyear
+earthyear               siderealyear
+marsyear                1.8808476 julianyear
+jupiteryear             11.862615 julianyear
+saturnyear              29.447498 julianyear
+uranusyear              84.016846 julianyear
+neptuneyear             164.79132 julianyear
+plutoyear               247.92065 julianyear
+# Objects on the earth are charted relative to a perfect ellipsoid whose
+# dimensions are specified by different organizations.  The ellipsoid is
+# specified by an equatorial radius and a flattening value which defines the
+# polar radius.  These values are the 1996 values given by the International
+# Earth Rotation Service (IERS) whose reference documents can be found at
+# http://maia.usno.navy.mil/
+earthflattening         1|298.25642
+earthradius_equatorial  6378136.49 m
+earthradius_polar       (-earthflattening+1) earthradius_equatorial
+landarea                148.847e6 km^2
+oceanarea               361.254e6 km^2
+moonradius              1738 km         # mean value
+sunradius               6.96e8 m
+# Many astronomical values can be measured most accurately in a system of units
+# using the astronomical unit and the mass of the sun as base units.  The
+# uncertainty in the gravitational constant makes conversion to SI units
+# significantly less accurate.
+# The astronomical unit was defined to be the length of the of the semimajor
+# axis of a massless object with the same year as the earth.  With such a
+# definition in force, and with the mass of the sun set equal to one, Kepler's
+# third law can be used to solve for the value of the gravitational constant.
+# Kepler's third law says that (2 pi / T)^2 a^3 = G M where T is the orbital
+# period, a is the size of the semimajor axis, G is the gravitational constant
+# and M is the mass.  With M = 1 and T and a chosen for the earth's orbit, we
+# find sqrt(G) = (2 pi / T) sqrt(AU^3).  This constant is called the Gaussian
+# gravitational constant, apparently because Gauss originally did the
+# calculations.  However, when the original calculation was done, the value
+# for the length of the earth's year was inaccurate.  The value used is called
+# the Gaussian year.  Changing the astronomical unit to bring it into
+# agreement with more accurate values for the year would have invalidated a
+# lot of previous work, so instead the astronomical unit has been kept equal
+# to this original value.  This is accomplished by using a standard value for
+# the Gaussian gravitational constant.  This constant is called k.
+# Many values below are from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?constants
+gauss_k                 0.01720209895   # This beast has dimensions of
+# au^(3|2) / day and is exact.
+gaussianyear      (2 pi / gauss_k) days # Year that corresponds to the Gaussian
+# gravitational constant. This is a
+# fictional year, and doesn't
+# correspond to any celestial event.
+astronomicalunit  499.004783806 light second  # Value from the DE-405
+au                     astronomicalunit # ephemeris for the above described
+# astronomical unit.  (See the NASA
+# site listed above.)
+solarmass                  1.9891e30 kg
+sunmass                       solarmass
+sundist                 1.0000010178 au # mean earth-sun distance
+moondist                3.844e8 m       # mean earth-moon distance
+sundist_near            1.471e11 m      # earth-sun distance at perihelion
+sundist_far             1.521e11 m      # earth-sun distance at aphelion
+# The following are masses for planetary systems, not just the planet itself.
+# The comments give the uncertainty in the denominators.  As noted above,
+# masses are given relative to the solarmass because this is more accurate.
+# The conversion to SI is uncertain because of uncertainty in G, the
+# gravitational constant.
+#
+# Values are from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/astro_constants.html
+mercurymass             solarmass / 6023600   # 250
+venusmass               solarmass / 408523.71 # 0.06
+earthmoonmass           solarmass / 328900.56 # 0.02
+marsmass                solarmass / 3098708   # 9
+jupitermass             solarmass / 1047.3486 # 0.0008
+saturnmass              solarmass / 3497.898  # 0.018
+uranusmass              solarmass / 22902.98  # 0.03
+neptunemass             solarmass / 19412.24  # 0.04
+plutomass               solarmass / 1.35e8    # 0.07e8
+moonearthmassratio      0.012300034 # uncertainty 3 x 10-9
+earthmass               earthmoonmass / ( 1 + moonearthmassratio)
+moonmass                moonearthmassratio earthmass
+# These are the old values for the planetary masses.  They may give
+# the masses of the planets alone.
+oldmercurymass             0.33022e24 kg
+oldvenusmass               4.8690e24 kg
+oldmarsmass                0.64191e24 kg
+oldjupitermass             1898.8e24 kg
+oldsaturnmass              568.5e24 kg
+olduranusmass              86.625e24 kg
+oldneptunemass             102.78e24 kg
+oldplutomass               0.015e24 kg
+# Mean radius from http://ssd.jpl.nsaa.gov/phys_props_planets.html which in
+# turn cites Global Earth Physics by CF Yoder, 1995.
+mercuryradius           2440 km
+venusradius             6051.84 km
+earthradius             6371.01 km
+marsradius              3389.92 km
+jupiterradius           69911 km
+saturnradius            58232 km
+uranusradius            25362 km
+neptuneradius           24624 km
+plutoradius             1151 km
+moongravity             1.62 m/s^2
+#
+# The Hartree system of atomic units, derived from fundamental units
+# of mass (of electron), action (planck's constant), charge, and
+# the coulomb constant.
+# Fundamental units
+atomicmass              electronmass
+atomiccharge            e
+atomicaction            hbar
+# derived units (Warning: accuracy is lost from deriving them this way)
+atomiclength            bohrradius
+atomictime              hbar^3/coulombconst^2 atomicmass e^4 # Period of first
+# bohr orbit
+atomicvelocity          atomiclength / atomictime
+atomicenergy            hbar / atomictime
+hartree                 atomicenergy
+Hartree                 hartree
+#
+# These thermal units treat entropy as charge, from [5]
+#
+thermalcoulomb          J/K        # entropy
+thermalampere           W/K        # entropy flow
+thermalfarad            J/K^2
+thermalohm              K^2/W      # thermal resistance
+fourier                 thermalohm
+thermalhenry            J K^2/W^2  # thermal inductance
+thermalvolt             K          # thermal potential difference
+#
+# United States units
+#
+# linear measure
+# The US Metric Law of 1866 legalized the metric system in the USA and defined
+# the meter in terms of the British system with the exact 1 meter = 39.37
+# inches.  On April 5, 1893 Corwin Mendenhall decided, in what has become known
+# as the "Mendenhall Order" that the meter and kilogram would be the
+# fundamental standards in the USA.  The definition from 1866 was turned around
+# to give an exact definition of the foot as 1200|3937 meters.  This definition
+# was used until July of 1959 when the definition was changed to bring the US
+# into agreement with other countries.  Since 1959, the foot has been exactly
+# 0.3048 meters.  At the same time it was decided that any data expressed in
+# feet derived from geodetic surveys within the US would continue to use the
+# old definition and call the old unit the "survey foot".
+US                      1200|3937 m/ft   # These four values will convert
+US-                     US               #   international measures to
+survey-                 US               #   US Survey measures
+geodetic-               US
+int                     3937|1200 ft/m   # Convert US Survey measures to
+int-                    int              #   international measures
+inch                    2.54 cm
+in                      inch
+foot                    12 inch
+feet                    foot
+ft                      foot
+yard                    3 ft
+yd                      yard
+mile                    5280 ft          # The mile was enlarged from 5000 ft
+# to this number in order to make
+# it an even number of furlongs.
+# (The Roman mile is 5000 romanfeet.)
+line                    1|12 inch  # Also defined as '.1 in' or as '1e-8 Wb'
+rod                     5.5 yard
+perch                   rod
+furlong                 40 rod           # From "furrow long"
+statutemile             mile
+league                  3 mile           # Intended to be an an hour's walk
+# surveyor's measure
+surveyorschain          66 surveyft
+surveychain             surveyorschain
+surveyorspole           1|4 surveyorschain
+surveyorslink           1|100 surveyorschain
+chain                   66 ft
+link                    1|100 chain
+ch                      chain
+usacre                  10 surveychain^2
+intacre                 10 chain^2       # Acre based on international ft
+intacrefoot             acre surveyfoot
+usacrefoot              usacre surveyfoot
+section                 mile^2
+township                36 section
+homestead               160 acre # Area of land granted by the 1862 Homestead
+# Act of the United States Congress
+gunterschain            surveyorschain
+engineerschain          100 ft
+engineerslink           1|100 engineerschain
+ramsdenschain           engineerschain
+ramsdenslink            engineerslink
+gurleychain             33 feet           # Andrew Ellicott chain is the
+gurleylink              1|50 gurleychain  # same length
+wingchain               66 feet           # Chain from 1664, introduced by
+winglink                1|80 wingchain    # Vincent Wing, also found in a
+# 33 foot length with 40 links.
+# nautical measure
+fathom                  6 ft     # Originally defined as the distance from
+#   fingertip to fingertip with arms fully
+#   extended.
+nauticalmile            1852 m   # Supposed to be one minute of latitude at
+# the equator.  That value is about 1855 m.
+# Early estimates of the earth's circumference
+# were a bit off.  The value of 1852 m was
+# made the international standard in 1929.
+# The US did not accept this value until
+# 1954.  The UK switched in 1970.
+cable                   1|10 nauticalmile
+intcable                cable              # international cable
+cablelength             cable
+UScable                 100 USfathom
+navycablelength         720 USft           # used for depth in water
+marineleague            3 nauticalmile
+geographicalmile        brnauticalmile
+knot                    nauticalmile / hr
+click                   km       # US military slang
+klick                   click
+# Avoirdupois weight
+pound                   0.45359237 kg   # The one normally used
+lb                      pound           # From the latin libra
+grain                   1|7000 pound    # The grain is the same in all three
+# weight systems.  It was originally
+# defined as the weight of a barley
+# corn taken from the middle of the
+# ear.
+ounce                   1|16 pound
+oz                      ounce
+dram                    1|16 ounce
+dr                      dram
+ushundredweight         100 pounds
+cwt                     hundredweight
+shorthundredweight      ushundredweight
+uston                   shortton
+shortton                2000 lb
+quarterweight           1|4 uston
+shortquarterweight      1|4 shortton
+shortquarter            shortquarterweight
+# Troy Weight.  In 1828 the troy pound was made the first United States
+# standard weight.  It was to be used to regulate coinage.
+troypound               5760 grain
+troyounce               1|12 troypound
+ozt                     troyounce
+pennyweight             1|20 troyounce  # Abbreviated "d" in reference to a
+dwt                     pennyweight     #   Frankish coin called the "denier"
+#   minted in the late 700's.  There
+#   were 240 deniers to the pound.
+assayton                mg ton / troyounce  # mg / assayton = troyounce / ton
+usassayton              mg uston / troyounce
+brassayton              mg brton / troyounce
+fineounce               troyounce       # A troy ounce of 99.5% pure gold
+# Some other jewelers units
+metriccarat             0.2 gram        # Defined in 1907
+metricgrain             50 mg
+carat                   metriccarat
+ct                      carat
+jewelerspoint           1|100 carat
+silversmithpoint        1|4000 inch
+momme                   3.75 grams      # Traditional Japanese unit based
+# on the chinese mace.  It is used for
+# pearls in modern times and also for
+# silk density.  The definition here
+# was adopted in 1891.
+# Apothecaries' weight
+appound                 troypound
+apounce                 troyounce
+apdram                  1|8 apounce
+apscruple               1|3 apdram
+# Liquid measure
+usgallon                231 in^3        # US liquid measure is derived from
+gal                     gallon          # the British wine gallon of 1707.
+quart                   1|4 gallon      # See the "winegallon" entry below
+pint                    1|2 quart       # more historical information.
+gill                    1|4 pint
+usquart                 1|4 usgallon
+uspint                  1|2 usquart
+usgill                  1|4 uspint
+usfluidounce            1|16 uspint
+fluiddram               1|8 usfloz
+minimvolume             1|60 fluiddram
+qt                      quart
+pt                      pint
+floz                    fluidounce
+usfloz                  usfluidounce
+fldr                    fluiddram
+liquidbarrel            31.5 usgallon
+usbeerbarrel            2 beerkegs
+beerkeg                 15.5 usgallon   # Various among brewers
+ponykeg                 1|2 beerkeg
+winekeg                 12 usgallon
+petroleumbarrel         42 usgallon     # Originated in Pennsylvania oil
+barrel                  petroleumbarrel # fields, from the winetierce
+bbl                     barrel
+ushogshead              2 liquidbarrel
+usfirkin                9 gallon
+# Dry measures: The Winchester Bushel was defined by William III in 1702 and
+# legally adopted in the US in 1836.
+usbushel                2150.42 in^3  # Volume of 8 inch cylinder with 18.5
+bu                      bushel        # inch diameter (rounded)
+peck                    1|4 bushel
+uspeck                  1|4 usbushel
+brpeck                  1|4 brbushel
+pk                      peck
+drygallon               1|2 uspeck
+dryquart                1|4 drygallon
+drypint                 1|2 dryquart
+drybarrel               7056 in^3     # Used in US for fruits, vegetables,
+#   and other dry commodities except for
+#   cranberries.
+cranberrybarrel         5826 in^3     # US cranberry barrel
+heapedbushel            1.278 usbushel# The following explanation for this
+#   value was provided by Wendy Krieger
+#   <os2fan2@yahoo.com> based on
+#   guesswork.  The cylindrical vessel is
+#   18.5 inches in diameter and 1|2 inch
+#   thick.  A heaped bushel includes the
+#   contents of this cylinder plus a heap
+#   on top.  The heap is a cone 19.5
+#   inches in diameter and 6 inches
+#   high.  With these values, the volume
+#   of the bushel is 684.5 pi in^3 and
+#   the heap occupies 190.125 pi in^3.
+#   Therefore, the heaped bushel is
+#   874.625|684.5 bushels.  This value is
+#   approximately 1.2777575 and it rounds
+#   to the value listed for the size of
+#   the heaped bushel.  Sometimes the
+#   heaped bushel is reported as 1.25
+#   bushels.  This same explanation gives
+#   that value if the heap is taken to
+#   have an 18.5 inch diameter.
+# Grain measures.  The bushel as it is used by farmers in the USA is actually
+# a measure of mass which varies for different commodities.  Canada uses the
+# same bushel masses for most commodities, but not for oats.
+wheatbushel             60 lb
+soybeanbushel           60 lb
+cornbushel              56 lb
+ryebushel               56 lb
+barleybushel            48 lb
+oatbushel               32 lb
+ricebushel              45 lb
+canada_oatbushel        34 lb
+# Wine and Spirits measure
+ponyvolume              1 usfloz
+jigger                  1.5 usfloz   # Can vary between 1 and 2 usfloz
+shot                    jigger     # Sometimes 1 usfloz
+eushot                  25 ml      # EU standard spirits measure
+fifth                   1|5 usgallon
+winebottle              750 ml     # US industry standard, 1979
+winesplit               1|4 winebottle
+wineglass               4 usfloz
+magnum                  1.5 liter  # Standardized in 1979, but given
+# as 2 qt in some references
+metrictenth             375 ml
+metricfifth             750 ml
+metricquart             1 liter
+# Old British bottle size
+reputedquart            1|6 brgallon
+reputedpint             1|2 reputedquart
+brwinebottle            reputedquart       # Very close to 1|5 winegallon
+# French champagne bottle sizes
+split                   200 ml
+jeroboam                2 magnum
+rehoboam                3 magnum
+methuselah              4 magnum
+salmanazar              6 magnum
+balthazar               8 magnum
+nebuchadnezzar          10 magnum
+#
+# Water is "hard" if it contains various minerals, expecially calcium
+# carbonate.
+#
+clarkdegree     1|70000       # Content by weigh of calcium carbonate
+gpg             grains/gallon # Divide by water's density to convert to
+#   a dimensionless concentration measure
+#
+# Shoe measures
+#
+shoeiron                1|48 inch    # Used to measure leather in soles
+shoeounce               1|64 inch    # Used to measure non-sole shoe leather
+# USA shoe sizes.  These express the length of the shoe or the length
+# of the "last", the form that the shoe is made on.  But note that
+# this only captures the length.  It appears that widths change 1/4
+# inch for each letter within the same size, and if you change the
+# length by half a size then the width changes between 1/8 inch and
+# 1/4 inch.  But this may not be standard.  If you know better, please
+# contact me.
+shoesize_delta          1|3 inch     # USA shoe sizes differ by this amount
+shoe_men0               8.25 inch
+shoe_women0             (7+11|12) inch
+shoe_boys0              (3+11|12) inch
+shoe_girls0             (3+7|12) inch
+shoesize_men(n) [;inch]    shoe_men0 + n shoesize_delta ; \
+(shoesize_men+(-shoe_men0))/shoesize_delta
+shoesize_women(n) [;inch]  shoe_women0 + n shoesize_delta ; \
+(shoesize_women+(-shoe_women0))/shoesize_delta
+shoesize_boys(n) [;inch]   shoe_boys0 + n shoesize_delta ; \
+(shoesize_boys+(-shoe_boys0))/shoesize_delta
+shoesize_girls(n) [;inch]  shoe_girls0 + n shoesize_delta ; \
+(shoesize_girls+(-shoe_girls0))/shoesize_delta
+# European shoe size.  According to
+#      http://www.shoeline.com/footnotes/shoeterm.shtml#paris points
+# sizes in Europe are measured with Paris points which simply measure
+# the length of the shoe.
+europeshoesize          2|3 cm
+#
+# USA slang units
+#
+buck                    US$
+fin                     5 US$
+sawbuck                 10 US$
+usgrand                 1000 US$
+greenback               US$
+key                     kg           # usually of marijuana, 60's
+lid                     1 oz         # Another 60's weed unit
+footballfield           usfootballfield
+usfootballfield         100 yards
+canadafootballfield     110 yards    # And 65 yards wide
+marathon                26 miles + 385 yards
+#
+# British
+#
+# The length measure in the UK was defined by a bronze bar manufactured in
+# 1844.  Various conversions were sanctioned for convenience at different
+# times, which makes conversions before 1963 a confusing matter.  Apparently
+# previous conversions were never explicitly revoked.  Four different
+# conversion factors appear below.  Multiply them times an imperial length
+# units as desired.  The Weights and Measures Act of 1963 switched the UK away
+# from their bronze standard and onto a definition of the yard in terms of the
+# meter.  This happened after an international agreement in 1959 to align the
+# world's measurement systems.
+UK                      UKlength_SJJ
+UK-                     UK
+british-                UK
+UKlength_B            0.9143992 meter / yard  # Benoit found the yard to be
+#   0.9143992 m at a weights and
+#   measures conference around
+#   1896.   Legally sanctioned
+#   in 1898.
+UKlength_SJJ          0.91439841 meter / yard # In 1922, Seers, Jolly and
+#   Johnson found the yard to be
+#   0.91439841 meters.
+#   Used starting in the 1930's.
+UKlength_K              meter / 39.37079 inch # In 1816 Kater found this ratio
+#   for the meter and inch.  This
+#   value was used as the legal
+#   conversion ratio when the
+#   metric system was legalized
+#   for contract in 1864.
+UKlength_C            meter / 1.09362311 yard # In 1866 Clarke found the meter
+#   to be 1.09362311 yards.  This
+#   conversion was legalized
+#   around 1878.
+brnauticalmile          6080 ft               # Used until 1970 when the UK
+brknot                  brnauticalmile / hr   #   switched to the international
+brcable                 1|10 brnauticalmile   #   nautical mile.
+admiraltymile           brnauticalmile
+admiraltyknot           brknot
+admiraltycable          brcable
+seamile                 6000 ft
+shackle                 15 fathoms            # Adopted 1949 by British navy
+# British Imperial weight is mostly the same as US weight.  A few extra
+# units are added here.
+clove                   7 lb
+stone                   14 lb
+tod                     28 lb
+brquarterweight         1|4 brhundredweight
+brhundredweight         8 stone
+longhundredweight       brhundredweight
+longton                 20 brhundredweight
+brton                   longton
+# British Imperial volume measures
+brminim                 1|60 brdram
+brscruple               1|3 brdram
+fluidscruple            brscruple
+brdram                  1|8 brfloz
+brfluidounce            1|20 brpint
+brfloz                  brfluidounce
+brgill                  1|4 brpint
+brpint                  1|2 brquart
+brquart                 1|4 brgallon
+brgallon                4.54609 l      # The British Imperial gallon was
+# defined in 1824 to be the volume of
+# water which weighed 10 pounds at 62
+# deg F with a pressure of 30 inHg.
+# It was also defined as 277.274 in^3,
+# Which is slightly in error.  In
+# 1963 it was defined to be the volume
+# occupied by 10 pounds of distilled
+# water of density 0.998859 g/ml weighed
+# in air of density 0.001217 g/ml
+# against weights of density 8.136 g/ml.
+# This gives a value of approximately
+# 4.5459645 liters, but the old liter
+# was in force at this time.  In 1976
+# the definition was changed to exactly
+# 4.54609 liters using the new
+# definition of the liter (1 dm^3).
+brbarrel                36 brgallon    # Used for beer
+brbushel                8 brgallon
+brheapedbushel          1.278 brbushel
+brquarter               8 brbushel
+brchaldron              36 brbushel
+# Obscure British volume measures.  These units are generally traditional
+# measures whose definitions have fluctuated over the years.  Often they
+# depended on the quantity being measured.  They are given here in terms of
+# British Imperial measures.  For example, the puncheon may have historically
+# been defined relative to the wine gallon or beer gallon or ale gallon
+# rather than the British Imperial gallon.
+bag                     4 brbushel
+bucket                  4 brgallon
+kilderkin               2 brfirkin
+last                    40 brbushel
+noggin                  brgill
+pottle                  0.5 brgallon
+pin                     4.5 brgallon
+puncheon                72 brgallon
+seam                    8 brbushel
+coomb                   4 brbushel
+boll                    6 brbushel
+firlot                  1|4 boll
+brfirkin                9 brgallon     # Used for ale and beer
+cran                    37.5 brgallon  # measures herring, about 750 fish
+brwinehogshead          52.5 brgallon  # This value is approximately equal
+brhogshead              brwinehogshead #   to the old wine hogshead of 63
+#   wine gallons.  This adjustment
+#   is listed in the OED and in
+#   "The Weights and Measures of
+				       #   England" by R. D. Connor
+brbeerhogshead          54 brgallon
+brbeerbutt              2 brbeerhogshead
+registerton             100 ft^3  # Used for internal capacity of ships
+shippington             40 ft^3   # Used for ship's cargo freight or timber
+brshippington           42 ft^3   #
+freightton            shippington # Both register ton and shipping ton derive
+# from the "tun cask" of wine.
+displacementton         35 ft^3   # Approximate volume of a longton weight of
+# sea water.  Measures water displaced by
+# ships.
+waterton                224 brgallon
+strike                  70.5 l    # 16th century unit, sometimes
+#   defined as .5, 2, or 4 bushels
+#   depending on the location.  It
+#   probably doesn't make a lot of
+#   sense to define in terms of imperial
+#   bushels.  Zupko gives a value of
+#   2 Winchester grain bushels or about
+#   70.5 liters.
+amber                   4 brbushel# Used for dry and liquid capacity [18]
+# obscure British lengths
+barleycorn              1|3 UKinch   # Given in Realm of Measure as the
+# difference between successive shoe sizes
+nail                    1|16 UKyard  # Originally the width of the thumbnail,
+#   or 1|16 ft.  This took on the general
+#   meaning of 1|16 and settled on the
+#   nail of a yard or 1|16 yards as its
+#   final value.  [12]
+pole                    16.5 UKft    # This was 15 Saxon feet, the Saxon
+rope                    20 UKft      #   foot (aka northern foot) being longer
+englishell              45 UKinch
+flemishell              27 UKinch
+ell                     englishell   # supposed to be measure from elbow to
+#   fingertips
+span                    9 UKinch     # supposed to be distance from thumb
+#   to pinky with full hand extension
+goad                    4.5 UKft     # used for cloth, possibly named after the
+#   stick used for prodding animals.
+# misc obscure British units
+rood                    1|4 acre
+englishcarat            troyounce/151.5 # Originally intended to be 4 grain
+#   but this value ended up being
+#   used in the London diamond market
+mancus                  2 oz
+mast                    2.5 lb
+nailkeg                 100 lbs
+basebox                 31360 in^2      # Used in metal plating
+# alternate spellings
+metre                   meter
+gramme                  gram
+litre                   liter
+dioptre                 diopter
+aluminium               aluminum
+sulphur                 sulfur
+#
+# Units derived the human body (may not be very accurate)
+#
+geometricpace           5 ft   # distance between points where the same
+# foot hits the ground
+pace                    2.5 ft # distance between points where alternate
+# feet touch the ground
+USmilitarypace          30 in  # United States official military pace
+USdoubletimepace        36 in  # United States official doubletime pace
+fingerbreadth           7|8 in # The finger is defined as either the width
+fingerlength            4.5 in #   or length of the finger
+finger                  fingerbreadth
+palmwidth               hand   # The palm is a unit defined as either the width
+palmlength              8 in   #   or the length of the hand
+hand                    4 inch # width of hand
+shaftment               6 inch # Distance from tip of outstretched thumb to the
+#   opposite side of the palm of the hand.  The
+#   ending -ment is from the old English word
+#   for hand. [18]
+smoot              5 ft + 7 in # Created as part of an MIT fraternity prank.
+#   In 1958 Oliver Smoot was used to measure
+#   the length of the Harvard Bridge, which was
+#   marked off in smooth lengths.  These
+#   markings have been maintained on the bridge
+#   since then and repainted by subsequent
+#   incoming fraternity members.  During a
+#   bridge rennovation the new sidewalk was
+#   scored every smooth rather than at the
+#   customary 6 ft spacing.
+#
+# Cooking measures
+#
+# Common abbreviations
+tbl                     tablespoon
+tbsp                    tablespoon
+tblsp                   tablespoon
+Tb                      tablespoon
+tsp                     teaspoon
+saltspoon               1|4 tsp
+# US measures
+uscup                   8 usfloz
+ustablespoon            1|16 uscup
+usteaspoon              1|3 ustablespoon
+ustbl                   ustablespoon
+ustbsp                  ustablespoon
+ustblsp                 ustablespoon
+ustsp                   usteaspoon
+metriccup               250 ml
+stickbutter             1|4 lb            # Butter in the USA is sold in one
+# pound packages that contain four
+# individually wrapped pieces.  The
+# pieces are marked into tablespoons,
+# making it possible to measure out
+# butter by volume by slicing the
+# butter.
+# US can sizes.
+number1can              10 usfloz
+number2can              19 usfloz
+number2.5can            3.5 uscups
+number3can              4 uscups
+number5can              7 uscups
+number10can             105 usfloz
+# British measures
+brcup                   1|2 brpint
+brteacup                1|3 brpint
+brtablespoon            15 ml             # Also 5|8 brfloz, approx 17.7 ml
+brteaspoon              1|3 brtablespoon  # Also 1|4 brtablespoon
+brdessertspoon          2 brteaspoon
+dessertspoon            brdessertspoon
+dsp                     dessertspoon
+brtsp                   brteaspoon
+brtbl                   brtablespoon
+brtbsp                  brtablespoon
+brtblsp                 brtablespoon
+# Australian
+australiatablespoon     20 ml
+austbl                  australiatablespoon
+austbsp                 australiatablespoon
+austblsp                australiatablespoon
+australiateaspoon       1|4 australiatablespoon
+austsp                  australiateaspoon
+# Chinese
+catty                   0.5 kg
+oldcatty                4|3 lbs        # Before metric conversion.
+tael                    1|16 oldcatty  # Should the tael be defined both ways?
+mace                    0.1 tael
+oldpicul                100 oldcatty
+picul                   100 catty      # Chinese usage
+# Indian
+seer                    14400 grain    # British Colonial standard
+ser                     seer
+maund                   40 seer
+pakistanseer            1 kg
+pakistanmaund           40 pakistanseer
+chittak                 1|16 seer
+tola                    1|5 chittak
+ollock                  1|4 liter      # Is this right?
+# Japanese
+japancup                200 ml
+# densities of cooking ingredients from The Cake Bible by Rose Levy Beranbaum
+# so you can convert '2 cups sugar' to grams, for example, or in the other
+# direction grams could be converted to 'cup flour_scooped'.
+butter                  8 oz/uscup
+butter_clarified        6.8 oz/uscup
+cocoa_butter            9 oz/uscup
+shortening              6.75 oz/uscup   # vegetable shortening
+oil                     7.5 oz/uscup
+cakeflour_sifted        3.5 oz/uscup    # The density of flour depends on the
+cakeflour_spooned       4 oz/uscup      # measuring method.  "Scooped",  or
+cakeflour_scooped       4.5 oz/uscup    # "dip and sweep" refers to dipping a
+flour_sifted            4 oz/uscup      # measure into a bin, and then sweeping
+flour_spooned           4.25 oz/uscup   # the excess off the top.  "Spooned"
+flour_scooped           5 oz/uscup      # means to lightly spoon into a measure
+breadflour_sifted       4.25 oz/uscup   # and then sweep the top.  Sifted means
+breadflour_spooned      4.5 oz/uscup    # sifting the flour directly into a
+breadflour_scooped      5.5 oz/uscup    # measure and then sweeping the top.
+cornstarch              120 grams/uscup
+dutchcocoa_sifted       75 g/uscup      # These are for Dutch processed cocoa
+dutchcocoa_spooned      92 g/uscup
+dutchcocoa_scooped      95 g/uscup
+cocoa_sifted            75 g/uscup      # These are for nonalkalized cocoa
+cocoa_spooned           82 g/uscup
+cocoa_scooped           95 g/uscup
+heavycream              232 g/uscup
+milk                    242 g/uscup
+sourcream               242 g/uscup
+molasses                11.25 oz/uscup
+cornsyrup               11.5 oz/uscup
+honey                   11.75 oz/uscup
+sugar                   200 g/uscup
+powdered_sugar          4 oz/uscup
+brownsugar_light        217 g/uscup     # packed
+brownsugar_dark         239 g/uscup
+baking_powder           4.6 grams / ustsp
+salt                    6 g / ustsp
+koshersalt              2.8 g / ustsp   # Diamond Crystal kosher salt
+koshersalt_morton       4.8 g / ustsp   # Morton kosher salt
+# Values are from the nutrition info
+# on the packages
+# Egg weights and volumes for a USA large egg
+egg                     50 grams        # without shell
+eggwhite                30 grams
+eggyolk                 18.6 grams
+eggvolume               3 ustablespoons + 1|2 ustsp
+eggwhitevolume          2 ustablespoons
+eggyolkvolume           3.5 ustsp
+#
+# Density measures.  Density has traditionally been measured on a variety of
+# bizarre nonlinear scales.
+#
+# Density of a sugar syrup is frequently measured in candy making procedures.
+# In the USA the boiling point of the syrup is measured.  Some recipes instead
+# specify the density using degrees Baume.  Conversion between degrees Baume
+# and the boiling point measure has proved elusive.  One food science text
+# claimed that the boiling point elevation formula could be used.  This formula
+# gives the elevation  1000 (.512) x / (100-x) 342.3 for sucrose.  However,
+# it disagrees significantly with a table that appeared in another text
+# which gave the table below.  However, this table cannot be converted reliably
+# to a density measure because the brix table stops at 80% concentration.
+#
+# temp(C)  conc (%)
+#   100      30
+#   101      40
+#   102      50
+#   103      60
+#   106      70
+#   112      80
+#   123      90
+#   140      95
+#   151      97
+#   160      98.2
+#   166      99.5
+#   171      99.6
+#
+# Degrees Baume is used in European recipes to specify the density of a sugar
+# syrup.  An entirely different definition is used for densities below
+# 1 g/cm^3.  An arbitrary constant appears in the definition.  This value is
+# equal to 145 in the US, but was according to [], the old scale used in
+# Holland had a value of 144, and the new scale or Gerlach scale used 146.78.
+baumeconst 144      # US value
+baume(d) [1;g/cm^3] (baumeconst/(baumeconst+-d)) g/cm^3 ; \
+(baume+((-g)/cm^3)) baumeconst / baume
+twaddell(x) [1;g/cm^3] (1 + 0.005 x) g / cm^3 ; 200 (twaddell / (g/cm^3) +- 1)
+# The degree quevenne is a unit for measuring the density of milk.
+quevenne(x) [1;g/cm^3] (1 + 0.001 x) g / cm^3 ; 1000 (quevenne / (g/cm^3) +- 1)
+# Degrees brix measures sugar concentration by weigh as a percentage, so a
+# solution that is 3 degrees brix is 3% sugar by weight.  This unit was named
+# after Adolf Brix who invented a hydrometer that read this percentage
+# directly.  This table converts brix to density at 20 degrees Celsius.
+brix[g/cm^3]  \
+0.0 0.9982,    0.5 1.0002,    1.0 1.0021 \
+1.5 1.0040,    2.0 1.0060,    2.5 1.0079 \
+3.0 1.0099,    3.5 1.0119,    4.0 1.0139 \
+5.0 1.0178,    5.5 1.0198,    6.0 1.0218 \
+6.5 1.0238,    7.0 1.0259,    7.5 1.0279 \
+8.0 1.0299,    8.5 1.0320,    9.0 1.0340 \
+9.5 1.0361,   10.0 1.0381,   11.0 1.0423 \
+12.0 1.0465,   13.0 1.0507,   14.0 1.0549 \
+15.0 1.0592,   16.0 1.0635,   17.0 1.0678 \
+18.0 1.0722,   19.0 1.0766,   20.0 1.0810 \
+22.0 1.0899,   24.0 1.0990,   26.0 1.1082 \
+28.0 1.1175,   30.0 1.1270,   32.0 1.1366 \
+34.0 1.1464,   36.0 1.1562,   38.0 1.1663 \
+40.0 1.1765,   42.0 1.1868,   44.0 1.1972 \
+46.0 1.2079,   48.0 1.2186,   50.0 1.2295 \
+52.0 1.2406,   54.0 1.2518,   56.0 1.2632 \
+58.0 1.2747,   60.0 1.2864,   62.0 1.2983 \
+64.0 1.3103,   66.0 1.3224,   68.0 1.3348 \
+70.0 1.3472,   72.0 1.3599,   74.0 1.3726 \
+76.0 1.3855,   78.0 1.3986,   80.0 1.4117 \
+82.0 1.4250,   84.0 1.4383
+# Density measure invented by the American Petroleum Institute.  Lighter
+# petroleum products are more valuable, and they get a higher API degree.
+apidegree(x) [1;g/cm^3] 141.5 g/cm^3 / (x+131.5) ; \
+141.5 (g/cm^3) / apidegree + (-131.5)
+#
+# Units derived from imperial system
+#
+ouncedal                oz ft / s^2     # force which accelerates an ounce
+#    at 1 ft/s^2
+poundal                 lb ft / s^2     # same thing for a pound
+tondal                  ton ft / s^2    # and for a ton
+pdl                     poundal
+osi                     ounce force / inch^2   # used in aviation
+psi                     pound force / inch^2
+psia                    psi             # absolute pressure
+tsi                     ton force / inch^2
+reyn                    psi sec
+slug                    lbf s^2 / ft
+slugf                   slug force
+slinch                  lbf s^2 / inch  # Mass unit derived from inch second
+slinchf                 slinch force    #   pound-force system.  Used in space
+#   applications where in/sec^2 was a
+#   natural acceleration measure.
+geepound                slug
+lbf                     lb force
+tonf                    ton force
+lbm                     lb
+kip                     1000 lbf     # from kilopound
+ksi                     kip / in^2
+mil                     0.001 inch
+thou                    0.001 inch
+circularinch            1|4 pi in^2  # area of a one-inch diameter circle
+circleinch              circularinch #    A circle with diameter d inches has
+#    an area of d^2 circularinches
+cylinderinch         circleinch inch # Cylinder h inch tall, d inches diameter
+#    has volume d^2 h cylinder inches
+circularmil             1|4 pi mil^2 # area of one-mil diameter circle
+cmil                    circularmil
+cental                  100 pound
+centner                 cental
+caliber                 0.01 inch    # for measuring bullets
+duty                    ft lbf
+celo                    ft / s^2
+jerk                    ft / s^3
+australiapoint          0.01 inch    # The "point" is used to measure rainfall
+#   in Australia
+sabin                   ft^2         # Measure of sound absorption equal to the
+#   absorbing power of one square foot of
+#   a perfectly absorbing material.  The
+#   sound absorptivity of an object is the
+#   area times a dimensionless
+#   absorptivity coefficient.
+standardgauge          4 ft + 8.5 in # Standard width between railroad track
+flag                   5 ft^2        # Construction term referring to sidewalk.
+rollwallpaper          30 ft^2       # Area of roll of wall paper
+fillpower              in^3 / ounce  # Density of down at standard pressure.
+#   The best down has 750-800 fillpower.
+pinlength              1|16 inch     # A #17 pin is 17/16 in long in the USA.
+buttonline             1|40 inch     # The line was used in 19th century USA
+#   to measure width of buttons.
+scoopnumber            /quart        # Ice cream scoops are labeled with a
+#   number specifying how many scoops
+#   fill a quart.
+beespace               1|4 inch      # Bees will fill any space that is smaller
+#   than the bee space and leave open
+#   spaces that are larger.  The size of
+#   the space varies with species.
+diamond                8|5 ft        # Marking on US tape measures that is
+#   useful to carpenters who wish to place
+#   five studs in an 8 ft distance.  Note
+#   that the numbers appear in red every
+#   16 inches as well, giving six
+#   divisions in 8 feet.
+retmaunit              1.75 in       # Height of rack mountable equipment.
+U                      retmaunit     #   Equipment should be 1|32 inch narrower
+RU                     U             #   than its U measurement indicates to
+#   allow for clearance, so 4U=(6+31|32)in
+#   RETMA stands for the former name of
+#   the standardizing organization, Radio
+#   Electronics Television Manufacturers
+#   Association.  This organization is now
+#   called the Electronic Industries
+#   Alliance (EIA) and the rack standard
+#   is specified in EIA RS-310-D.
+#
+# Other units of work, energy, power, etc
+#
+ENERGY                  joule
+WORK                    joule
+# Calories: energy to raise a gram of water one degree celsius
+cal_IT                  4.1868 J     # International Table calorie
+cal_th                  4.184 J      # Thermochemical calorie
+cal_fifteen             4.18580 J    # Energy to go from 14.5 to 15.5 degC
+cal_twenty              4.18190 J    # Energy to go from 19.5 to 20.5 degC
+cal_mean                4.19002 J    # 1|100 energy to go from 0 to 100 degC
+calorie                 cal_IT
+cal                     calorie
+calorie_IT              cal_IT
+thermcalorie            cal_th
+calorie_th              thermcalorie
+Calorie                 kilocalorie  # the food Calorie
+thermie              1e6 cal_fifteen # Heat required to raise the
+# temperature of a tonne of
+# water from 14.5 to 15.5 degC.
+# btu definitions: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degF
+btu                     cal lb degF / gram K # international table BTU
+britishthermalunit      btu
+btu_IT                  btu
+btu_th                  cal_th lb degF / gram K
+btu_mean                cal_mean lb degF / gram K
+quad                    quadrillion btu
+ECtherm                 1.05506e8 J    # Exact definition, close to 1e5 btu
+UStherm                 1.054804e8 J   # Exact definition
+therm                   UStherm
+# Energy densities of various fuels
+#
+# Most of these fuels have varying compositions or qualities and hence their
+# actual energy densities vary.  These numbers are hence only approximate.
+#
+# E1. http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/energy_conv.html
+# E2. http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm
+# E3. http://www.ior.com.au/ecflist.html
+tonoil                  1e10 cal_IT    # Ton oil equivalent.  A conventional
+# value for the energy released by
+toe                     tonoil         # burning one metric ton of oil. [18,E2]
+# Note that energy per mass of petroleum
+		       # products is fairly constant.
+		       # Variations in volumetric energy
+		       # density result from variations in the
+		       # density (kg/m^3) of different fuels.
+		       # This definition is given by the
+		       # IEA/OECD.
+toncoal                 7e9 cal_IT     # Energy in metric ton coal from [18].
+# This is a nominal value which
+# is close to the heat content
+# of coal used in the 1950's
+barreloil               5.8 Mbtu       # Conventional value for barrel of crude
+# oil [E2].  Actual range is 5.6 - 6.3.
+naturalgas_HHV          1027 btu/ft3   # Energy content of natural gas.  HHV
+naturalgas_LHV          930 btu/ft3    # is for Higher Heating Value and
+naturalgas              naturalgas_HHV # includes energy from condensation
+# combustion products.  LHV is for Lower
+# Heating Value and excludes these.
+# American publications typically report
+# HHV whereas European ones report LHV.
+charcoal                30 GJ/tonne
+woodenergy_dry          20 GJ/tonne    # HHV, a cord weights about a tonne
+woodenergy_airdry       15 GJ/tonne    # 20% moisture content
+coal_bituminous         27 GJ / tonne
+coal_lignite            15 GJ / tonne
+coal_US                 22 GJ / ton    # Average for US coal (short ton), 1995
+ethanol_HHV         84000 btu/usgallon
+ethanol_LHV         75700 btu/usgallon
+diesel             130500 btu/usgallon
+gasoline_LHV       115000 btu/usgallon
+gasoline_HHV       125000 btu/usgallon
+gasoline                gasoline_HHV
+heating                 37.3 MJ/liter
+fueloil                 39.7 MJ/liter  # low sulphur
+propane                 93.3 MJ/m^3
+butane                  124 MJ/m^3
+# These values give total energy from uranium fission.  Actual efficiency
+# of nuclear power plants is around 30%-40%.  Note also that some reactors
+# use enriched uranium around 3% U-235.  Uranium during processing or use
+# may be in a compound of uranium oxide or uranium hexafluoride, in which
+# case the energy density would be lower depending on how much uranium is
+# in the compound.
+uranium_pure     200 MeV avogadro / (235.0439299 g/mol)  # Pure U-235
+uranium_natural         0.7% uranium_pure        # Natural uranium: 0.7% U-235
+# Celsius heat unit: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degC
+celsiusheatunit         cal lb degC / gram K
+chu                     celsiusheatunit
+POWER                   watt
+# The horsepower is supposedly the power of one horse pulling.   Obviously
+# different people had different horses.
+ushorsepower            550 foot pound force / sec    # Invented by James Watt
+hp                      horsepower
+metrichorsepower        75 kilogram force meter / sec # PS=Pferdestaerke in
+electrichorsepower      746 W                         # Germany
+boilerhorsepower        9809.50 W
+waterhorsepower         746.043 W
+brhorsepower            745.70 W
+donkeypower             250 W
+chevalvapeur            metrichorsepower
+# Thermal insulance: Thermal conductivity has dimension power per area per
+# (temperature difference per length thickness) which comes out to W / K m.  If
+# the thickness is fixed, then the conductance will have units of W / K m^2.
+# Thermal insulance is the reciprocal.
+THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE     POWER/AREA (TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE/LENGTH)
+THERMAL_INSULANCE       1/THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE
+THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY    THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE / LENGTH
+THERMAL_INSULATION      THERMAL_INSULANCE LENGTH
+Rvalue                  degF ft^2 hr / btu
+Uvalue                  1/Rvalue
+europeanUvalue          watt / m^2 K
+RSI                     degC m^2 / W
+clo                     0.155 degC m^2 / W # Supposed to be the insulance
+# required to keep a resting person
+# comfortable indoors.  The value
+# given is from NIST and the CRC,
+# but [5] gives a slightly different
+# value of 0.875 ft^2 degF hr / btu.
+tog                     0.1 degC m^2 / W   # Also used for clothing.
+# The bel was defined by engineers of Bell Laboratories to describe the
+# reduction in audio level over a length of one mile. It was originally
+# called the transmission unit (TU) but was renamed around 1923 to honor
+# Alexander Graham Bell. The bel proved inconveniently large so the decibel
+# has become more common.  The decibel is dimensionless since it reports a
+# ratio, but it is used in various contexts to report a signal's power
+# relative to some reference level.
+bel(x)     [1;1] 10^(x);    log(bel)        # Basic bel definition
+decibel(x) [1;1] 10^(x/10); 10 log(decibel) # Basic decibel definition
+dB(x)      [1;1] 10^(x/10); 10 log(dB)      # Abbreviation
+dBW(x)     [1;W] dB(x) W ;  ~dB(dBW/W)      # Reference = 1 W
+dBk(x)     [1;W] dB(x) kW ; ~dB(dBk/kW)     # Reference = 1 kW
+dBf(x)     [1;W] dB(x) fW ; ~dB(dBf/fW)     # Reference = 1 fW
+dBm(x)     [1;W] dB(x) mW ; ~dB(dBm/mW)     # Reference = 1 mW
+dBmW(x)    [1;W] dBm(x) ;   ~dBm(dBmW)      # Reference = 1 mW
+dBJ(x)     [1;J] dB(x) J; ~dB(dBJ/J) # Energy relative to 1 joule
+# Used for power spectral density
+# since W/Hz = J
+# When used to measure amplitude, voltage, or current the signal is squared
+# because power is proportional to the square of these measures.  The root
+# mean square (RMS) voltage is typically used with these units.
+dBV(x)  [1;V] dB(0.5 x) V ;  ~dB(dBV^2 / V^2)     # Reference = 1 V
+dBmV(x) [1;V] dB(0.5 x) mV ; ~dB(dBmV^2 / mV^2)   # Reference = 1 mV
+dBuV(x) [1;V] dB(0.5 x) microV ; ~dB(dBuV^2 / microV^2) # Ref = 1 microvolt
+# Referenced to the voltage that causes 1 mW dissipation in a 600 ohm load.
+# Originally defined as dBv but changed to prevent confusion with dBV.
+# The "u" is for unloaded.
+dBu(x)  [1;V] dB(0.5 x) sqrt(mW 600 ohm) ; ~dB(dBu^2 / mW 600 ohm)
+dBv(x)  [1;V] dBu(x) ;   ~dBu(dBv)  # Synonym for dBu
+# Measurements for sound in air, referenced to the threshold of human hearing
+# Note that sound in other media typically uses 1 micropascal as a reference
+# for sound pressure.  Units dBA, dBB, dBC, refer to different frequency
+# weightings meant to approximate the human ear's response.
+dBSPL(x) [1;Pa] dB(0.5 x) 20 microPa ; ~dB(dBSPL^2 / (20 microPa)^2) # pressure
+dBSIL(x) [1;W/m^2] dB(x) 1e-12 W/m^2; ~dB(dBSIL / (1e-12 W/m^2)) # intensity
+dBSWL(x) [1;W] dB(x) 1e-12 W; ~dB(dBSWL/1e-12 W)
+# Misc other measures
+ENTROPY                 ENERGY / TEMPERATURE
+clausius                1e3 cal/K       # A unit of physical entropy
+langley                 thermcalorie/cm^2    # Used in radiation theory
+poncelet                100 kg force m / s
+tonrefrigeration        ton 144 btu / lb day # One ton refrigeration is
+# the rate of heat extraction required
+# turn one ton of water to ice in
+# a day.  Ice is defined to have a
+# latent heat of 144 btu/lb.
+tonref                  tonrefrigeration
+refrigeration           tonref / ton
+frigorie                1000 cal_fifteen# Used in refrigeration engineering.
+tnt                     1e9 cal_th / ton# So you can write tons-tnt. This
+# is a defined, not measured, value.
+airwatt                 8.5 (ft^3/min) inH2O # Measure of vacuum power as
+# pressure times air flow.
+#
+# Permeability: The permeability or permeance, n, of a substance determines
+# how fast vapor flows through the substance.  The formula W = n A dP
+# holds where W is the rate of flow (in mass/time), n is the permeability,
+# A is the area of the flow path, and dP is the vapor pressure difference.
+#
+perm_0C                 grain / hr ft^2 inHg
+perm_zero               perm_0C
+perm_0                  perm_0C
+perm                    perm_0C
+perm_23C                grain / hr ft^2 in Hg23C
+perm_twentythree        perm_23C
+#
+# Counting measures
+#
+pair                    2
+brace                   2
+nest                    3     # often used for items like bowls that
+#   nest together
+hattrick                3     # Used in sports, especially cricket and ice
+#   hockey to report the number of goals.
+dicker                  10
+dozen                   12
+bakersdozen             13
+score                   20
+flock                   40
+timer                   40
+shock                   60
+toncount                100   # Used in sports in the UK
+longhundred             120   # From a germanic counting system
+gross                   144
+greatgross              12 gross
+tithe                   1|10  # From Anglo-Saxon word for tenth
+# Paper counting measure
+shortquire              24
+quire                   25
+shortream               480
+ream                    500
+perfectream             516
+bundle                  2 reams
+bale                    5 bundles
+#
+# Paper measures
+#
+# USA paper sizes
+lettersize              8.5 inch 11 inch
+legalsize               8.5 inch 14 inch
+ledgersize              11 inch 17 inch
+executivesize           7.25 inch 10.5 inch
+Apaper                  8.5 inch 11 inch
+Bpaper                  11 inch 17 inch
+Cpaper                  17 inch 22 inch
+Dpaper                  22 inch 34 inch
+Epaper                  34 inch 44 inch
+pointthickness          mil
+# The metric paper sizes are defined so that if a sheet is cut in half
+# along the short direction, the result is two sheets which are
+# similar to the original sheet.  This means that for any metric size,
+# the long side is close to sqrt(2) times the length of the short
+# side.  Each series of sizes is generated by repeated cuts in half,
+# with the values rounded down to the nearest millimeter.
+A0paper                 841 mm 1189 mm   # The basic size in the A series
+A1paper                 594 mm  841 mm   # is defined to have an area of
+A2paper                 420 mm  594 mm   # one square meter.
+A3paper                 297 mm  420 mm
+A4paper                 210 mm  297 mm
+A5paper                 148 mm  210 mm
+A6paper                 105 mm  148 mm
+A7paper                  74 mm  105 mm
+A8paper                  52 mm   74 mm
+A9paper                  37 mm   52 mm
+A10paper                 26 mm   37 mm
+B0paper                1000 mm 1414 mm   # The basic B size has an area
+B1paper                 707 mm 1000 mm   # of sqrt(2) square meters.
+B2paper                 500 mm  707 mm
+B3paper                 353 mm  500 mm
+B4paper                 250 mm  353 mm
+B5paper                 176 mm  250 mm
+B6paper                 125 mm  176 mm
+B7paper                  88 mm  125 mm
+B8paper                  62 mm   88 mm
+B9paper                  44 mm   62 mm
+B10paper                 31 mm   44 mm
+C0paper                 917 mm 1297 mm   # The basic C size has an area
+C1paper                 648 mm  917 mm   # of sqrt(sqrt(2)) square meters.
+C2paper                 458 mm  648 mm
+C3paper                 324 mm  458 mm   # Intended for envelope sizes
+C4paper                 229 mm  324 mm
+C5paper                 162 mm  229 mm
+C6paper                 114 mm  162 mm
+C7paper                  81 mm  114 mm
+C8paper                  57 mm   81 mm
+C9paper                  40 mm   57 mm
+C10paper                 28 mm   40 mm
+# gsm (Grams per Square Meter), a sane, metric paper weight measure
+gsm                     grams / meter^2
+# In the USA, a collection of crazy historical paper measures are used.  Paper
+# is measured as a weight of a ream of that particular type of paper.  This is
+# sometimes called the "substance" or "basis" (as in "substance 20" paper).
+# The standard sheet size or "basis size" varies depending on the type of
+# paper.  As a result, 20 pound bond paper and 50 pound text paper are actually
+# about the same weight.  The different sheet sizes were historically the most
+# convenient for printing or folding in the different applications.  These
+# different basis weights are standards maintained by American Society for
+# Testing Materials (ASTM) and the American Forest and Paper Association
+# (AF&PA).
+poundbookpaper          lb / 25 inch 38 inch ream
+lbbook                  poundbookpaper
+poundtextpaper          poundbookpaper
+lbtext                  poundtextpaper
+poundoffsetpaper        poundbookpaper    # For offset printing
+lboffset                poundoffsetpaper
+poundbiblepaper         poundbookpaper    # Designed to be lightweight, thin,
+lbbible                 poundbiblepaper   # strong and opaque.
+poundtagpaper           lb / 24 inch 36 inch ream
+lbtag                   poundtagpaper
+poundbagpaper           poundtagpaper
+lbbag                   poundbagpaper
+poundnewsprintpaper     poundtagpaper
+lbnewsprint             poundnewsprintpaper
+poundposterpaper        poundtagpaper
+lbposter                poundposterpaper
+poundtissuepaper        poundtagpaper
+lbtissue                poundtissuepaper
+poundwrappingpaper      poundtagpaper
+lbwrapping              poundwrappingpaper
+poundwaxingpaper        poundtagpaper
+lbwaxing                poundwaxingpaper
+poundglassinepaper      poundtagpaper
+lbglassine              poundglassinepaper
+poundcoverpaper         lb / 20 inch 26 inch ream
+lbcover                 poundcoverpaper
+poundindexpaper         lb / 25.5 inch 30.5 inch ream
+lbindex                 poundindexpaper
+poundindexbristolpaper  poundindexpaper
+lbindexbristol          poundindexpaper
+poundbondpaper          lb / 17 inch 22 inch ream  # Bond paper is stiff and
+lbbond                  poundbondpaper             # durable for repeated
+poundwritingpaper       poundbondpaper             # filing, and it resists
+lbwriting               poundwritingpaper          # ink penetration.
+poundledgerpaper        poundbondpaper
+lbledger                poundledgerpaper
+poundcopypaper          poundbondpaper
+lbcopy                  poundcopypaper
+poundblottingpaper      lb / 19 inch 24 inch ream
+lbblotting              poundblottingpaper
+poundblankspaper        lb / 22 inch 28 inch ream
+lbblanks                poundblankspaper
+poundpostcardpaper      lb / 22.5 inch 28.5 inch ream
+lbpostcard              poundpostcardpaper
+poundweddingbristol     poundpostcardpaper
+lbweddingbristol        poundweddingbristol
+poundbristolpaper       poundweddingbristol
+lbbristol               poundbristolpaper
+poundboxboard           lb / 1000 ft^2
+lbboxboard              poundboxboard
+poundpaperboard         poundboxboard
+lbpaperboard            poundpaperboard
+# When paper is marked in units of M, it means the weight of 1000 sheets of the
+# given size of paper.  To convert this to paper weight, divide by the size of
+# the paper in question.
+paperM                  lb / 1000
+# In addition paper weight is reported in "caliper" which is simply the
+# thickness of one sheet, typically in inches.  Thickness is also reported in
+# "points" where a point is 1|1000 inch.  These conversions are supplied to
+# convert these units roughly (using an approximate density) into the standard
+# paper weight values.
+paperdensity            0.8 g/cm^3        # approximate--paper densities vary!
+papercaliper            in paperdensity
+paperpoint              0.001 in paperdensity
+#
+# Printing
+#
+fournierpoint           0.1648 inch / 12  # First definition of the printers
+# point made by Pierre Fournier who
+# defined it in 1737 as 1|12 of a
+# cicero which was 0.1648 inches.
+olddidotpoint           1|72 frenchinch   # Fran�ois Ambroise Didot, one of
+# a family of printers, changed
+# Fournier's definition around 1770
+# to fit to the French units then in
+# use.
+bertholdpoint           1|2660 m          # H. Berthold tried to create a
+# metric version of the didot point
+# in 1878.
+INpoint                 0.4 mm            # This point was created by a
+# group directed by Fermin Didot in
+# 1881 and is associated with the
+# imprimerie nationale.  It doesn't
+# seem to have been used much.
+germandidotpoint        0.376065 mm       # Exact definition appears in DIN
+# 16507, a German standards document
+# of 1954.  Adopted more broadly  in
+# 1966 by ???
+metricpoint             3|8 mm            # Proposed in 1977 by Eurograf
+oldpoint                1|72.27 inch      # The American point was invented
+printerspoint           oldpoint          # by Nelson Hawks in 1879 and
+texpoint                oldpoint          # dominates USA publishing.
+# It was standardized by the American
+# Typefounders Association at the
+# value of 0.013837 inches exactly.
+# Knuth uses the approximation given
+# here (which is very close).  The
+# comp.fonts FAQ claims that this
+# value is supposed to be 1|12 of a
+# pica where 83 picas is equal to 35
+# cm.  But this value differs from
+# the standard.
+texscaledpoint          1|65536 texpoint  # The TeX typesetting system uses
+texsp                   texscaledpoint    # this for all computations.
+computerpoint           1|72 inch         # The American point was rounded
+point                   computerpoint
+computerpica            12 computerpoint  # to an even 1|72 inch by computer
+postscriptpoint         computerpoint     # people at some point.
+pspoint                 postscriptpoint
+twip                    1|20 point        # TWentieth of an Imperial Point
+Q                       1|4 mm            # Used in Japanese phototypesetting
+# Q is for quarter
+frenchprinterspoint     olddidotpoint
+didotpoint              germandidotpoint  # This seems to be the dominant value
+europeanpoint           didotpoint        # for the point used in Europe
+cicero                  12 didotpoint
+stick                   2 inches
+# Type sizes
+excelsior               3 oldpoint
+brilliant               3.5 oldpoint
+diamondtype             4 oldpoint
+pearl                   5 oldpoint
+agate                   5.5 oldpoint  # Originally agate type was 14 lines per
+#   inch, giving a value of 1|14 in.
+ruby                    agate         # British
+nonpareil               6 oldpoint
+mignonette              6.5 oldpoint
+emerald                 mignonette    # British
+minion                  7 oldpoint
+brevier                 8 oldpoint
+bourgeois               9 oldpoint
+longprimer              10 oldpoint
+smallpica               11 oldpoint
+pica                    12 oldpoint
+english                 14 oldpoint
+columbian               16 oldpoint
+greatprimer             18 oldpoint
+paragon                 20 oldpoint
+meridian                44 oldpoint
+canon                   48 oldpoint
+# German type sizes
+nonplusultra            2 didotpoint
+brillant                3 didotpoint
+diamant                 4 didotpoint
+perl                    5 didotpoint
+nonpareille             6 didotpoint
+kolonel                 7 didotpoint
+petit                   8 didotpoint
+borgis                  9 didotpoint
+korpus                  10 didotpoint
+corpus                  korpus
+garamond                korpus
+mittel                  14 didotpoint
+tertia                  16 didotpoint
+text                    18 didotpoint
+kleine_kanon            32 didotpoint
+kanon                   36 didotpoint
+grobe_kanon             42 didotpoint
+missal                  48 didotpoint
+kleine_sabon            72 didotpoint
+grobe_sabon             84 didotpoint
+#
+# Information theory units.  Note that the name "entropy" is used both
+# to measure information and as a physical quantity.
+#
+INFORMATION             bit
+nat                     ln(2) bits           # Entropy measured base e
+hartley                 log2(10) bits        # Entropy of a uniformly
+#   distributed random variable
+#   over 10 symbols.
+#
+# Computer
+#
+bps                     bit/sec              # Sometimes the term "baud" is
+#   incorrectly used to refer to
+#   bits per second.  Baud refers
+#   to symbols per second.  Modern
+#   modems transmit several bits
+#   per symbol.
+byte                    8 bit                # Not all machines had 8 bit
+B                       byte                 #   bytes, but these days most of
+#   them do.  But beware: for
+#   transmission over modems, a
+#   few extra bits are used so
+#   there are actually 10 bits per
+#   byte.
+octet                   8 bits               # The octet is always 8 bits
+nybble                  4 bits               # Half of a byte. Sometimes
+#   equal to different lengths
+#   such as 3 bits.
+nibble                  nybble
+nyp                     2 bits               # Donald Knuth asks in an exercise
+#   for a name for a 2 bit
+#   quantity and gives the "nyp"
+#   as a solution due to Gregor
+#   Purdy.  Not in common use.
+meg                     megabyte             # Some people consider these
+# units along with the kilobyte
+gig                     gigabyte             # to be defined according to
+# powers of 2 with the kilobyte
+# equal to 2^10 bytes, the
+# megabyte equal to 2^20 bytes and
+# the gigabyte equal to 2^30 bytes
+# but these usages are forbidden
+# by SI.  Binary prefixes have
+# been defined by IEC to replace
+# the SI prefixes.  Use them to
+# get the binary values: KiB, MiB,
+# and GiB.
+jiffy                   0.01 sec     # This is defined in the Jargon File
+jiffies                 jiffy        # (http://www.jargon.org) as being the
+# duration of a clock tick for measuring
+# wall-clock time.  Supposedly the value
+# used to be 1|60 sec or 1|50 sec
+# depending on the frequency of AC power,
+# but then 1|100 sec became more common.
+# On linux systems, this term is used and
+# for the Intel based chips, it does have
+# the value of .01 sec.  The Jargon File
+# also lists two other definitions:
+# millisecond, and the time taken for
+# light to travel one foot.
+cdaudiospeed      44.1 kHz 2*16 bits # CD audio data rate at 44.1 kHz with 2
+# samples of sixteen bits each.
+cdromspeed       75 2048 bytes / sec # For data CDs (mode1) 75 sectors are read
+# each second with 2048 bytes per sector.
+# Audio CDs do not have sectors, but
+# people sometimes divide the bit rate by
+# 75 and claim a sector length of 2352.
+# Data CDs have a lower rate due to
+# increased error correction overhead.
+# There is a rarely used mode (mode2) with
+# 2336 bytes per sector that has fewer
+# error correction bits than mode1.
+dvdspeed                 1385 kB/s   # This is the "1x" speed of a DVD using
+# constant linear velocity (CLV) mode.
+# Modern DVDs may vary the linear velocity
+# as they go from the inside to the
+# outside of the disc.
+# See http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa4.htm
+#
+# Musical measures.  Musical intervals expressed as ratios.  Multiply
+# two intervals together to get the sum of the interval.  The function
+# musicalcent can be used to convert ratios to cents.
+#
+# Perfect intervals
+octave                  2
+majorsecond             musicalfifth^2 / octave
+majorthird              5|4
+minorthird              6|5
+musicalfourth           4|3
+musicalfifth            3|2
+majorsixth              musicalfourth majorthird
+minorsixth              musicalfourth minorthird
+majorseventh            musicalfifth majorthird
+minorseventh            musicalfifth minorthird
+pythagoreanthird        majorsecond musicalfifth^2 / octave
+syntoniccomma           pythagoreanthird / majorthird
+pythagoreancomma        musicalfifth^12 / octave^7
+# Equal tempered definitions
+semitone                octave^(1|12)
+musicalcent(x) [1;1]    semitone^(x/100) ; 100 log(musicalcent)/log(semitone)
+#
+# Musical note lengths.
+#
+wholenote               !
+MUSICAL_NOTE_LENGTH     wholenote
+halfnote                1|2 wholenote
+quarternote             1|4 wholenote
+eighthnote              1|8 wholenote
+sixteenthnote           1|16 wholenote
+thirtysecondnote        1|32 wholenote
+sixtyfourthnote         1|64 wholenote
+dotted                  3|2
+doubledotted            7|4
+breve                   doublewholenote
+semibreve               wholenote
+minimnote               halfnote
+crotchet                quarternote
+quaver                  eighthnote
+semiquaver              sixteenthnote
+demisemiquaver          thirtysecondnote
+hemidemisemiquaver      sixtyfourthnote
+semidemisemiquaver      hemidemisemiquaver
+#
+# yarn and cloth measures
+#
+# yarn linear density
+woolyarnrun             1600 yard/pound # 1600 yds of "number 1 yarn" weighs
+# a pound.
+yarncut                 300 yard/pound  # Less common system used in
+# Pennsylvania for wool yarn
+cottonyarncount         840 yard/pound
+linenyarncount          300 yard/pound  # Also used for hemp and ramie
+worstedyarncount        1680 ft/pound
+metricyarncount         meter/gram
+denier                  1|9 tex            # used for silk and rayon
+manchesteryarnnumber    drams/1000 yards   # old system used for silk
+pli                     lb/in
+typp                    1000 yd/lb   # abbreviation for Thousand Yard Per Pound
+asbestoscut             100 yd/lb    # used for glass and asbestos yarn
+tex                     gram / km    # rational metric yarn measure, meant
+drex                    0.1 tex      # to be used for any kind of yarn
+poumar                  lb / 1e6 yard
+# yarn and cloth length
+skeincotton             80*54 inch   # 80 turns of thread on a reel with a
+#  54 in circumference (varies for other
+#  kinds of thread)
+cottonbolt              120 ft       # cloth measurement
+woolbolt                210 ft
+bolt                    cottonbolt
+heer                    600 yards
+cut                     300 yards    # used for wet-spun linen yarn
+lea                     300 yards
+sailmakersyard          28.5 in
+sailmakersounce         oz / sailmakersyard 36 inch
+silkmomme               momme / 25 yards 1.49 inch  # Traditional silk weight
+silkmm                  silkmomme        # But it is also defined as
+# lb/100 yd 45 inch.  The two
+# definitions are slightly different
+# and neither one seems likely to be
+# the true source definition.
+#
+# drug dosage
+#
+mcg                     microgram        # Frequently used for vitamins
+iudiptheria             62.8 microgram   # IU is for international unit
+iupenicillin            0.6 microgram
+iuinsulin               41.67 microgram
+drop                    1|20 ml          # The drop was an old "unit" that was
+# replaced by the minim.  But I was
+# told by a pharmacist that in his
+# profession, the conversion of 20
+# drops per ml is actually used.
+bloodunit               450 ml           # For whole blood.  For blood
+# components, a blood unit is the
+# quanity of the component found in a
+# blood unit of whole blood.  The
+# human body contains about 12 blood
+# units of whole blood.
+#
+# misc medical measure
+#
+frenchcathetersize      1|3 mm           # measure used for the outer diameter
+# of a catheter
+#
+# fixup units for times when prefix handling doesn't do the job
+#
+hectare                 hectoare
+megohm                  megaohm
+kilohm                  kiloohm
+microhm                 microohm
+megalerg                megaerg    # 'L' added to make it pronounceable [18].
+#
+# Money
+#
+# Note that US$ is the primitive unit so other currencies are
+# generally given in US$.
+#
+$                       dollar
+mark                    germanymark
+bolivar                 venezuelabolivar
+bolivarfuerte           bolivar        # The currency was revalued by
+oldbolivar              1|1000 bolivar # a factor of 1000.
+peseta                  spainpeseta
+rand                    southafricarand
+escudo                  portugalescudo
+guilder                 netherlandsguilder
+hollandguilder          netherlandsguilder
+peso                    mexicopeso
+yen                     japanyen
+lira                    italylira
+rupee                   indiarupee
+drachma                 greecedrachma
+franc                   francefranc
+markka                  finlandmarkka
+britainpound            greatbritainpound
+poundsterling           britainpound
+yuan                    chinayuan
+# Some European currencies have permanent fixed exchange rates with
+# the Euro.  These rates were taken from the EC's web site:
+# http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/adoption/conversion/index_en.htm
+austriaschilling        1|13.7603 euro
+belgiumfranc            1|40.3399 euro
+estoniakroon            1|15.6466 euro # Equal to 1|8 germanymark
+finlandmarkka           1|5.94573 euro
+francefranc             1|6.55957 euro
+germanymark             1|1.95583 euro
+greecedrachma           1|340.75 euro
+irelandpunt             1|0.787564 euro
+italylira               1|1936.27 euro
+luxembourgfranc         1|40.3399 euro
+netherlandsguilder      1|2.20371 euro
+portugalescudo          1|200.482 euro
+spainpeseta             1|166.386 euro
+cypruspound             1|0.585274 euro
+maltalira               1|0.429300 euro
+sloveniatolar           1|239.640 euro
+slovakiakoruna          1|30.1260 euro
+# Currencey exchange rates for 10 Feb 2010
+unitedarabemiratesdirham 0.2722 US$
+afghanistanafghani     0.02224 US$
+albanialek             0.009902 US$
+armeniadram            0.00264 US$
+netherlandsantillesguilder 0.5587 US$
+angolakwanza           0.01108 US$
+argentinapeso          0.2603 US$
+australiadollar        0.8855 US$
+arubaguilders          0.5587 US$
+azerbaijannewmanat     1.2449 US$
+bosniamarka            0.7028 US$
+barbadosdollar         0.4988 US$
+bangladeshtaka         0.01445 US$
+bulgarialev            0.7 US$
+bahraindinar           2.652 US$
+burundifranc           0.000823 US$
+bermudadollar          1 US$
+bruneidollar           0.7066 US$
+boliviaboliviano       0.1425 US$
+brazilreal             0.5404 US$
+bahamasdollar          1 US$
+bhutanngultrum         0.02151 US$
+botswanapula           0.1455 US$
+belarusruble           0.000345 US$
+belizedollar           0.5128 US$
+canadadollar           0.9444 US$
+congofranc             0.001099 US$
+switzerlandfranc       0.9391 US$
+chilepeso              0.001871 US$
+chinayuan              0.1465 US$
+colombiapeso           0.000511 US$
+costaricacolon         0.001803 US$
+cubapeso               1 US$
+capeverdeescudo        0.01351 US$
+czechkoruny            5.2772 US$
+djiboutifranc          0.005595 US$
+denmarkkroner          18.498 US$
+dominicanrepublicpeso  0.02755 US$
+algeriadinar           0.01371 US$
+egyptpound             0.1822 US$
+eritreanakfa           0.06622 US$
+ethiopiabirr           0.07469 US$
+euro                   1.3774 US$
+fijidollar             0.5099 US$
+falklandislandspound   1.5628 US$
+greatbritainpound      1.5626 US$
+georgialari            0.5856 US$
+ghanacedi              0.703 US$
+gibraltarpound         1.5628 US$
+gambiadalasi           0.03737 US$
+guineafranc            0.000199 US$
+guatemalaquetzal       0.1221 US$
+guyanadollar           0.004862 US$
+hongkongdollar         0.1287 US$
+honduraslempira        0.05292 US$
+croatiakuna            0.1883 US$
+haitigourdes           0.02516 US$
+hungaryforint          0.005075 US$
+indonesiarupiah        0.01068 US$
+israelnewshekel        0.2667 US$
+indiarupee             0.02157 US$
+iraqdinar              0.000858 US$
+iranrial               0.000102 US$
+icelandkrona           0.007822 US$
+jamaicadollar          0.01122 US$
+jordandinar            1.4085 US$
+japanyen               0.0111 US$
+kenyashilling          0.0131 US$
+kyrgyzstansom          0.02239 US$
+cambodiariel           0.00024 US$
+comorosfranc           0.002799 US$
+northkoreawon          0.001111 US$
+kuwaitdinar            3.4697 US$
+caymanislandsdollar    1.2183 US$
+kazakhstantenge        0.006747 US$
+laoskip                0.000118 US$
+lebanonpound           0.000666 US$
+srilankarupee          0.008715 US$
+liberiadollar          0.01405 US$
+lesothomaloti          0.1297 US$
+lithuanialitai         0.399 US$
+latvialatas            1.9421 US$
+libyadinar             0.7977 US$
+moroccodirham          0.1226 US$
+moldovaleu             0.07803 US$
+madagascarariary       0.000468 US$
+macedoniadenar         0.02231 US$
+myanmarkyat            0.1536 US$
+mongoliatugrik         0.000693 US$
+macaupataca            0.125 US$
+mauritaniaouguiya      0.003824 US$
+mauritiusrupee         0.03279 US$
+maldivesrufiyaa        0.07813 US$
+malawikwacha           0.006632 US$
+mexicopeso             0.07639 US$
+malaysiaringgit        0.2921 US$
+mozambiquemeticai      0.0316 US$
+namibiadollar          0.1296 US$
+nigerianaira           0.006631 US$
+nicaraguacordoba       0.0477 US$
+norwaykrone            0.1695 US$
+nepalnepalrupee        0.01342 US$
+newzealanddollar       0.6967 US$
+omanrial               2.5971 US$
+panamabalboa           1 US$
+perusol                0.3486 US$
+papuanewguineakina     0.3754 US$
+philippinespeso        0.02157 US$
+pakistanrupee          0.01179 US$
+polandzloty            0.3389 US$
+paraguayguarani        0.000213 US$
+qatarrial              0.2747 US$
+romanialeu             0.3338 US$
+serbiadinar            0.01393 US$
+russiaruble            0.03304 US$
+rwandafranc            0.001745 US$
+saudiarabiariyal       0.2667 US$
+solomonislandsdollar   0.1273 US$
+seychellesrupee        0.08753 US$
+sudanpound             0.4464 US$
+swedenkronor           13.719 US$
+singaporedollar        0.7065 US$
+sainthelenapound       1.5627 US$
+sierraleoneleone       0.000255 US$
+somaliashilling        0.000669 US$
+surinamedollar         0.3635 US$
+saotomedobra           6.427e-05 US$
+elsalvadorcolon        0.1143 US$
+syriapound             0.02179 US$
+swazilandemalangeni    0.1297 US$
+thailandbaht           0.03016 US$
+tajikistansomoni       0.229 US$
+tunisiadinar           0.7275 US$
+tongapa'anga           0.517 US$
+turkeynewlira          0.6597 US$
+trinidadandtobagodollar 0.1579 US$
+taiwandollars          0.03119 US$
+tanzaniashilling       0.000741 US$
+ukrainehryvnia         0.1239 US$
+ugandashilling         0.000505 US$
+unitedstatesdollar     1 US$
+uruguaypeso            0.05079 US$
+uzbekistansum          0.000653 US$
+venezuelabolivar       0.233 US$
+vietnamdong            5.4e-05 US$
+vanuatuvatu            0.01008 US$
+samoatala              0.3885 US$
+silverounce            13.344 US$
+goldounce              1076.6 US$
+eastcaribbeandollar    0.3824 US$
+palladiumounce         207.4 US$
+platinumounce          1117.7 US$
+yemenrial              0.004855 US$
+southafricarand        0.1297 US$
+zambiakwacha           0.000214 US$
+zimbabwedollar         0.002641 US$
+# ISO Currency Codes
+AED                     	unitedarabemiratesdirham
+AFN                     	afghanistanafghani
+ALL                     	albanialek
+AMD                     	armeniadram
+ANG                     	netherlandsantillesguilder
+AOA                     	angolakwanza
+ARS                     	argentinapeso
+AUD                     	australiadollar
+AWG                     	arubaguilders
+AZN                     	azerbaijannewmanat
+BAM                     	bosniamarka
+BBD                     	barbadosdollar
+BDT                     	bangladeshtaka
+BGN                     	bulgarialev
+BHD                     	bahraindinar
+BIF                     	burundifranc
+BMD                     	bermudadollar
+BND                     	bruneidollar
+BOB                     	boliviaboliviano
+BRL                     	brazilreal
+BSD                     	bahamasdollar
+BTN                     	bhutanngultrum
+BWP                     	botswanapula
+BYR                     	belarusruble
+BZD                     	belizedollar
+CAD                     	canadadollar
+CDF                     	congofranc
+CHF                     	switzerlandfranc
+CLP                     	chilepeso
+CNY                     	chinayuan
+COP                     	colombiapeso
+CRC                     	costaricacolon
+CUP                     	cubapeso
+CVE                     	capeverdeescudo
+CZK                     	czechkoruny
+DJF                     	djiboutifranc
+DKK                     	denmarkkroner
+DOP                     	dominicanrepublicpeso
+DZD                     	algeriadinar
+EEK                     	estoniakroon
+EGP                     	egyptpound
+ERN                     	eritreanakfa
+ETB                     	ethiopiabirr
+EUR                     	euro
+FJD                     	fijidollar
+FKP                     	falklandislandspound
+GBP                     	greatbritainpound
+GEL                     	georgialari
+GHS                     	ghanacedi
+GIP                     	gibraltarpound
+GMD                     	gambiadalasi
+GNF                     	guineafranc
+GTQ                     	guatemalaquetzal
+GYD                     	guyanadollar
+HKD                     	hongkongdollar
+HNL                     	honduraslempira
+HRK                     	croatiakuna
+HTG                     	haitigourdes
+HUF                     	hungaryforint
+IDR                     	indonesiarupiah
+ILS                     	israelnewshekel
+INR                     	indiarupee
+IQD                     	iraqdinar
+IRR                     	iranrial
+ISK                     	icelandkrona
+JMD                     	jamaicadollar
+JOD                     	jordandinar
+JPY                     	japanyen
+KES                     	kenyashilling
+KGS                     	kyrgyzstansom
+KHR                     	cambodiariel
+KMF                     	comorosfranc
+KPW                     	northkoreawon
+KWD                     	kuwaitdinar
+KYD                     	caymanislandsdollar
+KZT                     	kazakhstantenge
+LAK                     	laoskip
+LBP                     	lebanonpound
+LKR                     	srilankarupee
+LRD                     	liberiadollar
+LSL                     	lesothomaloti
+LTL                     	lithuanialitai
+LVL                     	latvialatas
+LYD                     	libyadinar
+MAD                     	moroccodirham
+MDL                     	moldovaleu
+MGA                     	madagascarariary
+MKD                     	macedoniadenar
+MMK                     	myanmarkyat
+MNT                     	mongoliatugrik
+MOP                     	macaupataca
+MRO                     	mauritaniaouguiya
+MUR                     	mauritiusrupee
+MVR                     	maldivesrufiyaa
+MWK                     	malawikwacha
+MXN                     	mexicopeso
+MYR                     	malaysiaringgit
+MZN                     	mozambiquemeticai
+NAD                     	namibiadollar
+NGN                     	nigerianaira
+NIO                     	nicaraguacordoba
+NOK                     	norwaykrone
+NPR                     	nepalnepalrupee
+NZD                     	newzealanddollar
+OMR                     	omanrial
+PAB                     	panamabalboa
+PEN                     	perusol
+PGK                     	papuanewguineakina
+PHP                     	philippinespeso
+PKR                     	pakistanrupee
+PLN                     	polandzloty
+PYG                     	paraguayguarani
+QAR                     	qatarrial
+RON                     	romanialeu
+RSD                     	serbiadinar
+RUB                     	russiaruble
+RWF                     	rwandafranc
+SAR                     	saudiarabiariyal
+SBD                     	solomonislandsdollar
+SCR                     	seychellesrupee
+SDG                     	sudanpound
+SEK                     	swedenkronor
+SGD                     	singaporedollar
+SHP                     	sainthelenapound
+SLL                     	sierraleoneleone
+SOS                     	somaliashilling
+SRD                     	surinamedollar
+STD                     	saotomedobra
+SVC                     	elsalvadorcolon
+SYP                     	syriapound
+SZL                     	swazilandemalangeni
+THB                     	thailandbaht
+TJS                     	tajikistansomoni
+TND                     	tunisiadinar
+TOP                     	tongapa'anga
+TRY                     	turkeynewlira
+TTD                     	trinidadandtobagodollar
+TWD                     	taiwandollars
+TZS                     	tanzaniashilling
+UAH                     	ukrainehryvnia
+UGX                     	ugandashilling
+USD                     	unitedstatesdollar
+UYU                     	uruguaypeso
+UZS                     	uzbekistansum
+VEF                     	venezuelabolivar  # bolivar fuerte
+VND                     	vietnamdong
+VUV                     	vanuatuvatu
+WST                     	samoatala
+XAG                     	silverounce
+XAU                     	goldounce
+XCD                     	eastcaribbeandollar
+XPD                     	palladiumounce
+XPT                     	platinumounce
+YER                     	yemenrial
+ZAR                     	southafricarand
+ZMK                     	zambiakwacha
+ZWD                     	zimbabwedollar
+# Precious metals
+silverprice             silverounce / troyounce
+goldprice               goldounce / troyounce
+palladiumprice          palladiumounce / troyounce
+platinumprice           platinumounce / troyounce
+UKP                     GBP        # Not an ISO code, but looks like one, and
+# sometimes used on usenet.
+VEB                     1|1000 VEF # old venezuelan bolivar
+# Money on the gold standard, used in the late 19th century and early
+# 20th century.
+olddollargold           23.22 grains goldprice  # Used until 1934
+newdollargold           96|7 grains goldprice   # After Jan 31, 1934
+dollargold              newdollargold
+poundgold               113 grains goldprice
+# Nominal masses of US coins.  Note that dimes, quarters and half dollars
+# have weight proportional to value.  Before 1965 it was $40 / kg.
+USpennyweight           2.5 grams         # Since 1982, 48 grains before
+USnickelweight          5 grams
+USdimeweight            10 cents / (20 US$ / lb)   # Since 1965
+USquarterweight         25 cents / (20 US$ / lb)   # Since 1965
+UShalfdollarweight      50 cents / (20 US$ / lb)   # Since 1971
+USdollarmass            8.1 grams
+# British currency
+quid                    britainpound        # Slang names
+fiver                   5 quid
+tenner                  10 quid
+monkey                  500 quid
+brgrand                 1000 quid
+bob                     shilling
+shilling                1|20 britainpound   # Before decimalisation, there
+oldpence                1|12 shilling       # were 20 shillings to a pound,
+farthing                1|4 oldpence        # each of twelve old pence
+guinea                  21 shilling         # Still used in horse racing
+crown                   5 shilling
+florin                  2 shilling
+groat                   4 oldpence
+tanner                  6 oldpence
+brpenny                 0.01 britainpound
+pence                   brpenny
+tuppence                2 pence
+tuppenny                tuppence
+ha'penny                halfbrpenny
+hapenny                 ha'penny
+oldpenny                oldpence
+oldtuppence             2 oldpence
+oldtuppenny             oldtuppence
+threepence              3 oldpence    # threepence never refers to new money
+threepenny              threepence
+oldthreepence           threepence
+oldthreepenny           threepence
+oldhalfpenny            halfoldpenny
+oldha'penny             oldhalfpenny
+oldhapenny              oldha'penny
+brpony                  25 britainpound
+# Canadian currency
+loony                   1 canadadollar    # This coin depicts a loon
+toony                   2 canadadollar
+#
+# Units used for measuring volume of wood
+#
+cord                    4*4*8 ft^3   # 4 ft by 4 ft by 8 ft bundle of wood
+facecord                1|2 cord
+cordfoot                1|8 cord     # One foot long section of a cord
+cordfeet                cordfoot
+housecord               1|3 cord     # Used to sell firewood for residences,
+#   often confusingly called a "cord"
+boardfoot               ft^2 inch    # Usually 1 inch thick wood
+boardfeet               boardfoot
+fbm                     boardfoot    # feet board measure
+stack                   4 yard^3     # British, used for firewood and coal [18]
+rick                    4 ft 8 ft 16 inches # Stack of firewood, supposedly
+#   sometimes called a face cord, but this
+#   value is equal to 1|3 cord.  Name
+#   comes from an old Norse word for a
+#   stack of wood.
+stere                   m^3
+timberfoot              ft^3         # Used for measuring solid blocks of wood
+standard                120 12 ft 11 in 1.5 in  # This is the St Petersburg or
+#   Pittsburg standard.  Apparently the
+#   term is short for "standard hundred"
+#   which was meant to refer to 100 pieces
+#   of wood (deals).  However, this
+#   particular standard is equal to 120
+#   deals which are 12 ft by 11 in by 1.5
+#   inches (not the standard deal).
+# In Britain, the deal is apparently any piece of wood over 6 feet long, over
+# 7 wide and 2.5 inches thick.  The OED doesn't give a standard size.  A piece
+# of wood less than 7 inches wide is called a "batten".  This unit is now used
+# exclusively for fir and pine.
+deal              12 ft 11 in 2.5 in # The standard North American deal [OED]
+wholedeal        12 ft 11 in 1.25 in # If it's half as thick as the standard
+#   deal it's called a "whole deal"!
+splitdeal         12 ft 11 in 5|8 in # And half again as thick is a split deal.
+#
+# Gas and Liquid flow units
+#
+FLUID_FLOW              VOLUME / TIME
+# Some obvious volumetric gas flow units (cu is short for cubic)
+cumec                   m^3/s
+cusec                   ft^3/s
+# Conventional abbreviations for fluid flow units
+gph                     gal/hr
+gpm                     gal/min
+mgd                     megagal/day
+cfs                     ft^3/s
+cfh                     ft^3/hour
+cfm                     ft^3/min
+lpm                     liter/min
+lfm                     ft/min     # Used to report air flow produced by fans.
+# Multiply by cross sectional area to get a
+# flow in cfm.
+pru                     mmHg / (ml/min)  # peripheral resistance unit, used in
+# medicine to assess blood flow in
+# the capillaries.
+# Miner's inch:  This is an old historic unit used in the Western  United
+# States.  It is generally defined as the rate of flow through a one square
+# inch hole at a specified depth such as 4 inches.  In the late 19th century,
+# volume of water was sometimes measured in the "24 hour inch".  Values for the
+# miner's inch were fixed by state statues.  (This information is from a web
+# site operated by the Nevada Division of Water Planning:  The Water Words
+# Dictionary at http://www.state.nv.us/cnr/ndwp/dict-1/waterwds.htm.)
+minersinchAZ            1.5 ft^3/min
+minersinchCA            1.5 ft^3/min
+minersinchMT            1.5 ft^3/min
+minersinchNV            1.5 ft^3/min
+minersinchOR            1.5 ft^3/min
+minersinchID            1.2 ft^3/min
+minersinchKS            1.2 ft^3/min
+minersinchNE            1.2 ft^3/min
+minersinchNM            1.2 ft^3/min
+minersinchND            1.2 ft^3/min
+minersinchSD            1.2 ft^3/min
+minersinchUT            1.2 ft^3/min
+minersinchCO            1 ft^3/sec / 38.4  # 38.4 miner's inches = 1 ft^3/sec
+minersinchBC            1.68 ft^3/min      # British Columbia
+# Oceanographic flow
+sverdrup                1e6 m^3 / sec   # Used to express flow of ocean
+# currents.  Named after Norwegian
+# oceanographer H. Sverdrup.
+# In vacuum science and some other applications, gas flow is measured
+# as the product of volumetric flow and pressure.  This is useful
+# because it makes it easy to compare with the flow at standard
+# pressure (one atmosphere).  It also directly relates to the number
+# of gas molecules per unit time, and hence to the mass flow if the
+# molecular mass is known.
+GAS_FLOW                PRESSURE FLUID_FLOW
+sccm                    atm cc/min     # 's' is for "standard" to indicate
+sccs                    atm cc/sec     # flow at standard pressure
+scfh                    atm ft^3/hour  #
+scfm                    atm ft^3/min
+slpm                    atm liter/min
+slph                    atm liter/hour
+lusec                   liter micron Hg / s  # Used in vacuum science
+#
+# Wire Gauge
+#
+# This area is a nightmare with huge charts of wire gauge diameters
+# that usually have no clear origin.  There are at least 5 competing wire gauge
+# systems to add to the confusion.  The use of wire gauge is related to the
+# manufacturing method: a metal rod is heated and drawn through a hole.  The
+# size change can't be too big.  To get smaller wires, the process is repeated
+# with a series of smaller holes.  Generally larger gauges mean smaller wires.
+# The gauges often have values such as "00" and "000" which are larger sizes
+# than simply "0" gauge.  In the tables that appear below, these gauges must be
+# specified as negative numbers (e.g. "00" is -1, "000" is -2, etc).
+# Alternatively, you can use the following units:
+#
+g00                      (-1)
+g000                     (-2)
+g0000                    (-3)
+g00000                   (-4)
+g000000                  (-5)
+g0000000                 (-6)
+# American Wire Gauge (AWG) or Brown & Sharpe Gauge appears to be the most
+# important gauge. ASTM B-258 specifies that this gauge is based on geometric
+# interpolation between gauge 0000, which is 0.46 inches exactly, and gauge 36
+# which is 0.005 inches exactly.  Therefore, the diameter in inches of a wire
+# is given by the formula 1|200 92^((36-g)/39).  Note that 92^(1/39) is close
+# to 2^(1/6), so diameter is approximately halved for every 6 gauges.  For the
+# repeated zero values, use negative numbers in the formula.  The same document
+# also specifies rounding rules which seem to be ignored by makers of tables.
+# Gauges up to 44 are to be specified with up to 4 significant figures, but no
+# closer than 0.0001 inch.  Gauges from 44 to 56 are to be rounded to the
+# nearest 0.00001 inch.
+#
+# In addition to being used to measure wire thickness, this gauge is used to
+# measure the thickness of sheets of aluminum, copper, and most metals other
+# than steel, iron and zinc.
+wiregauge(g) [;m] 1|200 92^((36+(-g))/39) in;36+(-39)ln(200 wiregauge/in)/ln(92)
+# Next we have the SWG, the Imperial or British Standard Wire Gauge.  This one
+# is piecewise linear.  It was used for aluminum sheets.
+brwiregauge[in]  \
+-6 0.5    \
+-5 0.464  \
+-3 0.4    \
+-2 0.372  \
+3 0.252  \
+6 0.192  \
+10 0.128  \
+14 0.08   \
+19 0.04   \
+23 0.024  \
+26 0.018  \
+28 0.0148 \
+30 0.0124 \
+39 0.0052 \
+49 0.0012 \
+50 0.001
+# The following is from the Appendix to ASTM B 258
+#
+#    For example, in U.S. gage, the standard for sheet metal is based on the
+#    weight of the metal, not on the thickness. 16-gage is listed as
+#    approximately .0625 inch thick and 40 ounces per square foot (the original
+#    standard was based on wrought iron at .2778 pounds per cubic inch; steel
+#    has almost entirely superseded wrought iron for sheet use, at .2833 pounds
+#    per cubic inch). Smaller numbers refer to greater thickness. There is no
+#    formula for converting gage to thickness or weight.
+#
+# It's rather unclear from the passage above whether the plate gauge values are
+# therefore wrong if steel is being used.  Reference [15] states that steel is
+# in fact measured using this gauge (under the name Manufacturers' Standard
+# Gauge) with a density of 501.84 lb/ft3 = 0.2904 lb/in3 used for steel.
+# But this doesn't seem to be the correct density of steel (.2833 lb/in3 is
+# closer).
+#
+# This gauge was established in 1893 for purposes of taxation.
+# Old plate gauge for iron
+plategauge[(oz/ft^2)/(480*lb/ft^3)] \
+-5 300   \
+1 180   \
+14  50   \
+16  40   \
+17  36   \
+20  24   \
+26  12   \
+31   7   \
+36   4.5 \
+38   4
+# Manufacturers Standard Gage
+stdgauge[(oz/ft^2)/(501.84*lb/ft^3)] \
+-5 300   \
+1 180   \
+14  50   \
+16  40   \
+17  36   \
+20  24   \
+26  12   \
+31   7   \
+36   4.5 \
+38   4
+# A special gauge is used for zinc sheet metal.  Notice that larger gauges
+# indicate thicker sheets.
+zincgauge[in]    \
+1 0.002  \
+10 0.02   \
+15 0.04   \
+19 0.06   \
+23 0.1    \
+24 0.125  \
+27 0.5    \
+28 1
+#
+# Screw sizes
+#
+# In the USA, screw diameters are reported using a gauge number.
+# Metric screws are reported as Mxx where xx is the diameter in mm.
+#
+screwgauge(g) [;m] (.06 + .013 g) in ; (screwgauge/in + (-.06)) / .013
+#
+# Abrasive grit size
+#
+# Standards governing abrasive grit sizes are complicated, specifying
+# fractions of particles that are passed or retained by different mesh
+# sizes.  As a result, it is not possible to make precise comparisons
+# of different grit standards.  The tables below allow the
+# determination of rough equivlants by using median particle size.
+#
+# Standards in the USA are determined by the Unified Abrasives
+# Manufacturers' Association (UAMA), which resulted from the merger of
+# several previous organizations.  One of the old organizations was
+# CAMI (Coated Abrasives Manufacturers' Institute).
+#
+# UAMA has a web page with plots showing abrasve particle ranges for
+# various different grits and comparisons between standards.
+#
+# http://www.uama.org/Abrasives101/101Standards.html
+#
+# Abrasives are grouped into "bonded" abrasives for use with grinding
+# wheels and "coated" abrasives for sandpapers and abrasive films.
+# The industry uses different grit standards for these two
+# categories.
+#
+# Another division is between "macrogrits", grits below 240 and
+# "microgrits", which are above 240.  Standards differ, as do methods
+# for determining particle size.  In the USA, ANSI B74.12 is the
+# standard governing macrogrits.  ANSI B74.10 covers bonded microgrit
+# abrasives, and ANSI B74.18 covers coated microgrit abrasives.  It
+# appears that the coated standard is identical to the bonded standard
+# for grits up through 600 but then diverges significantly.
+#
+# European grit sizes are determined by the Federation of European
+# Producers of Abrasives.  http://www.fepa-abrasives.org
+#
+# They give two standards, the "F" grit for bonded abrasives and the
+# "P" grit for coated abrasives.  This data is taken directly from
+# their web page.
+# FEPA P grit for coated abrasives is commonly seen on sandpaper in
+# the USA where the paper will be marked P600, for example.  FEPA P
+# grits are said to be more tightly constrained than comparable ANSI
+# grits so that the particles are more uniform in size and hence give
+# a better finish.
+grit_P[micron] \
+12 1815 \
+16 1324 \
+	20 1000 \
+	24 764 \
+	30 642 \
+	36 538 \
+	40 425 \
+	50 336 \
+	60 269 \
+	80 201 \
+	100 162 \
+	120 125 \
+	150 100 \
+	180 82 \
+	220 68 \
+	240 58.5 \
+	280 52.2 \
+	320 46.2 \
+	360 40.5 \
+	400 35 \
+	500 30.2 \
+	600 25.8 \
+	800 21.8 \
+	1000 18.3 \
+	1200 15.3 \
+	1500 12.6 \
+	2000 10.3 \
+	2500 8.4
+grit_F[micron] \
+4 4890 \
+	5 4125 \
+	6 3460 \
+	7 2900 \
+	8 2460 \
+	10 2085 \
+	12 1765 \
+	14 1470 \
+	16 1230 \
+	20 1040 \
+	22 885 \
+	24 745 \
+	30 625 \
+	36 525 \
+	40 438 \
+	46 370 \
+	54 310 \
+	60 260 \
+	70 218 \
+	80 185 \
+	90 154 \
+	100 129 \
+	120 109 \
+	150 82 \
+	180 69 \
+	220 58 \
+	230 53 \
+	240 44.5 \
+	280 36.5 \
+	320 29.2 \
+	360 22.8 \
+	400 17.3 \
+	500 12.8 \
+	600 9.3 \
+	800 6.5 \
+	1000 4.5 \
+	1200 3 \
+	1500 2.0 \
+	2000 1.2
+# According to the UAMA web page, the ANSI bonded and ANSI coated standards
+# are identical to FEPA F in the macrogrit range (under 240 grit), so these
+# values are taken from the FEPA F table.  The values for 240 and above are
+# from the UAMA web site and represent the average of the "d50" range
+# endpoints listed there.
+grit_ansibonded[micron] \
+4 4890 \
+5 4125 \
+6 3460 \
+7 2900 \
+8 2460 \
+10 2085 \
+12 1765 \
+14 1470 \
+16 1230 \
+20 1040 \
+22 885 \
+24 745 \
+30 625 \
+36 525 \
+40 438 \
+46 370 \
+54 310 \
+60 260 \
+70 218 \
+80 185 \
+90 154 \
+100 129 \
+120 109 \
+150 82 \
+180 69 \
+220 58 \
+240 50 \
+280 39.5 \
+320 29.5 \
+360 23 \
+400 18.25 \
+500 13.9 \
+600 10.55 \
+800 7.65 \
+1000 5.8 \
+1200 3.8
+# Like the bonded grit, the coated macrogrits below 240 are taken from the
+# FEPA F table.  Data above this is from the UAMA site.  Note that the coated
+# and bonded standards are evidently the same from 240 up to 600 grit, but
+# starting at 800 grit, the coated standard diverges.  The data from UAMA show
+# that 800 grit coated has an average size slightly larger than the average
+# size of 600 grit coated/bonded.  However, the 800 grit has a significantly
+# smaller particle size variation.
+ansicoated[micron] \
+4 4890 \
+5 4125 \
+6 3460 \
+7 2900 \
+8 2460 \
+10 2085 \
+12 1765 \
+14 1470 \
+16 1230 \
+20 1040 \
+22 885 \
+24 745 \
+30 625 \
+36 525 \
+40 438 \
+46 370 \
+54 310 \
+60 260 \
+70 218 \
+80 185 \
+90 154 \
+100 129 \
+120 109 \
+150 82 \
+180 69 \
+220 58 \
+240 50 \
+280 39.5 \
+320 29.5 \
+360 23 \
+400 18.25 \
+500 13.9 \
+600 10.55 \
+800 11.5 \
+1000 9.5 \
+2000 7.2 \
+2500 5.5 \
+3000 4 \
+4000 3 \
+6000 2 \
+8000 1.2
+#
+# Is this correct?  This is the JIS Japanese standard used on waterstones
+#
+jisgrit[micron] \
+150 75 \
+180 63 \
+220 53 \
+280 48 \
+320 40 \
+360 35 \
+400 30 \
+600 20 \
+700 17 \
+800 14 \
+1000 11.5 \
+1200 9.5 \
+1500 8 \
+2000 6.7 \
+2500 5.5 \
+3000 4 \
+4000 3 \
+6000 2 \
+8000 1.2
+# The "Finishing Scale" marked with an A (e.g. A75).  This information
+# is from the web page of the sand paper manufacturer Klingspor
+# http://www.klingspor.com/gritgradingsystems.htm
+#
+# I have no information about what this scale is used for.
+grit_A[micron]\
+16 15.3 \
+25 21.8 \
+30 23.6 \
+35 25.75 \
+45 35 \
+60 46.2 \
+65 53.5 \
+75 58.5 \
+90 65 \
+110 78 \
+130 93 \
+160 127 \
+200 156
+#
+# Grits for DMT brand diamond sharpening stones from
+# http://dmtsharp.com/products/colorcode.htm
+#
+dmtxxcoarse  120 micron    # 120 mesh
+dmtsilver    dmtxxcoarse
+dmtxx        dmtxxcoarse
+dmtxcoarse   60 micron     # 220 mesh
+dmtx         dmtxcoarse
+dmtblack     dmtxcoarse
+dmtcoarse    45 micron     # 325 mesh
+dmtc         dmtcoarse
+dmtblue      dmtcoarse
+dmtfine      25 micron     # 600 mesh
+dmtred       dmtfine
+dmtf         dmtfine
+dmtefine     9 micron      # 1200 mesh
+dmte         dmtefine
+dmtgreen     dmtefine
+dmtceramic   7 micron      # 2200 mesh
+dmtcer       dmtceramic
+dmtwhite     dmtceramic
+dmteefine    3 micron      # 8000 mesh
+dmttan       dmteefine
+dmtee        dmteefine
+#
+# The following values come from a page in the Norton Stones catalog,
+# available at their web page, http://www.nortonstones.com.
+#
+hardtranslucentarkansas  6 micron     # Natural novaculite (silicon quartz)
+softarkansas             22 micron    #   stones
+extrafineindia		 22 micron    # India stones are Norton's manufactured
+fineindia		 35 micron    #   aluminum oxide product
+mediumindia		 53.5 micron
+coarseindia		 97 micron
+finecrystolon		 45 micron    # Crystolon stones are Norton's
+mediumcrystalon		 78 micron    #   manufactured silicon carbide product
+coarsecrystalon		 127 micron
+# The following are not from the Norton catalog
+hardblackarkansas        6 micron
+hardwhitearkansas        11 micron
+washita                  35 micron
+#
+# Ring size. All ring sizes are given as the circumference of the ring.
+#
+# USA ring sizes.  Several slightly different definitions seem to be in
+# circulation.  According to [15], the interior diameter of size n ring in
+# inches is 0.32 n + 0.458 for n ranging from 3 to 13.5 by steps of 0.5.  The
+# size 2 ring is inconsistently 0.538in and no 2.5 size is listed.
+#
+# However, other sources list 0.455 + 0.0326 n and 0.4525 + 0.0324 n as the
+# diameter and list no special case for size 2.  (Or alternatively they are
+# 1.43 + .102 n and 1.4216+.1018 n for measuring circumference in inches.)  One
+# reference claimed that the original system was that each size was 1|10 inch
+# circumference, but that source doesn't have an explanation for the modern
+# system which is somewhat different.
+ringsize(n) [;in] (1.4216+.1018 n) in ; (ringsize/in + (-1.4216))/.1018
+# Old practice in the UK measured rings using the "Wheatsheaf gauge" with sizes
+# specified alphabetically and based on the ring inside diameter in steps of
+# 1|64 inch.  This system was replaced in 1987 by British Standard 6820 which
+# specifies sizes based on circumference.  Each size is 1.25 mm different from
+# the preceding size.  The baseline is size C which is 40 mm circumference.
+# The new sizes are close to the old ones.  Sometimes it's necessary to go
+# beyond size Z to Z+1, Z+2, etc.
+sizeAring               37.50 mm
+sizeBring               38.75 mm
+sizeCring               40.00 mm
+sizeDring               41.25 mm
+sizeEring               42.50 mm
+sizeFring               43.75 mm
+sizeGring               45.00 mm
+sizeHring               46.25 mm
+sizeIring               47.50 mm
+sizeJring               48.75 mm
+sizeKring               50.00 mm
+sizeLring               51.25 mm
+sizeMring               52.50 mm
+sizeNring               53.75 mm
+sizeOring               55.00 mm
+sizePring               56.25 mm
+sizeQring               57.50 mm
+sizeRring               58.75 mm
+sizeSring               60.00 mm
+sizeTring               61.25 mm
+sizeUring               62.50 mm
+sizeVring               63.75 mm
+sizeWring               65.00 mm
+sizeXring               66.25 mm
+sizeYring               67.50 mm
+sizeZring               68.75 mm
+# Japanese sizes start with size 1 at a 13mm inside diameter and each size is
+# 1|3 mm larger in diameter than the previous one.  They are multiplied by pi
+# to give circumference.
+jpringsize(n)     [;mm] (38|3 + n/3) pi mm ; 3 jpringsize/ pi mm + (-38)
+# The European ring sizes are the length of the circumference in mm minus 40.
+euringsize(n)     [;mm] (n+40) mm ; euringsize/mm + (-40)
+#
+# Abbreviations
+#
+mph                     mile/hr
+mpg                     mile/gal
+kph                     km/hr
+fL                      footlambert
+fpm                     ft/min
+fps                     ft/s
+rpm                     rev/min
+rps                     rev/sec
+mi                      mile
+smi                     mile
+nmi                     nauticalmile
+mbh                     1e3 btu/hour
+mcm                     1e3 circularmil
+ipy                     inch/year    # used for corrosion rates
+ccf                     100 ft^3     # used for selling water [18]
+Mcf                     1000 ft^3    # not million cubic feet [18]
+kp                      kilopond
+kpm                     kp meter
+Wh                      W hour
+hph                     hp hour
+plf                     lb / foot    # pounds per linear foot
+#
+# Compatibility units with unix version
+#
+pa                      Pa
+ev                      eV
+hg                      Hg
+oe                      Oe
+mh                      mH
+rd                      rod
+pf                      pF
+gr                      grain
+nt                      N
+hz                      Hz
+hd                      hogshead
+dry                     drygallon/gallon
+imperial                brgallon/gallon   # This is a dubious definition
+# since it fails for fluid ounces
+# and all units derived from fluid
+# ounces.
+nmile                   nauticalmile
+beV                     GeV
+bev                     beV
+coul                    C
+#
+# Radioactivity units
+#
+becquerel               /s           # Activity of radioactive source
+Bq                      becquerel    #
+curie                   3.7e10 Bq    # Defined in 1910 as the radioactivity
+Ci                      curie        # emitted by the amount of radon that is
+# in equilibrium with 1 gram of radium.
+rutherford              1e6 Bq       #
+RADIATION_DOSE          gray
+gray                    J/kg         # Absorbed dose of radiation
+Gy                      gray         #
+rad                     1e-2 Gy      # From Radiation Absorbed Dose
+rep                     8.38 mGy     # Roentgen Equivalent Physical, the amount
+#   of radiation which , absorbed in the
+#   body, would liberate the same amount
+#   of energy as 1 roentgen of X rays
+#   would, or 97 ergs.
+sievert                 J/kg         # Dose equivalent:  dosage that has the
+Sv                      sievert      #   same effect on human tissues as 200
+rem                     1e-2 Sv      #   keV X-rays.  Different types of
+#   radiation are weighted by the
+#   Relative Biological Effectiveness
+#   (RBE).
+#
+#      Radiation type       RBE
+#       X-ray, gamma ray     1
+#       beta rays, > 1 MeV   1
+#       beta rays, < 1 MeV  1.08
+#       neutrons, < 1 MeV   4-5
+#       neutrons, 1-10 MeV   10
+#       protons, 1 MeV      8.5
+#       protons, .1 MeV      10
+#       alpha, 5 MeV         15
+#       alpha, 1 MeV         20
+#
+#   The energies are the kinetic energy
+#   of the particles.  Slower particles
+#   interact more, so they are more
+#   effective ionizers, and hence have
+#   higher RBE values.
+#
+# rem stands for Roentgen Equivalent
+# Mammal
+roentgen              2.58e-4 C / kg # Ionizing radiation that produces
+#   1 statcoulomb of charge in 1 cc of
+#   dry air at stp.
+rontgen                 roentgen     # Sometimes it appears spelled this way
+sievertunit             8.38 rontgen # Unit of gamma ray dose delivered in one
+#   hour at a distance of 1 cm from a
+#   point source of 1 mg of radium
+#   enclosed in platinum .5 mm thick.
+eman                    1e-7 Ci/m^3  # radioactive concentration
+mache                   3.7e-7 Ci/m^3
+#
+# Atomic weights.  The atomic weight of an element is the ratio of the mass of
+# a mole of the element to 1|12 of a mole of Carbon 12.  The Standard Atomic
+# Weights apply to the elements as they occur naturally on earth.  Elements
+# which do not occur naturally or which occur with wide isotopic variability do
+# not have Standard Atomic Weights.  For these elements, the atomic weight is
+# based on the longest lived isotope, as marked in the comments.  In some
+# cases, the comment for these entries also gives a number which is an atomic
+# weight for a different isotope that may be of more interest than the longest
+# lived isotope.
+#
+actinium                227.0278
+aluminum                26.981539
+americium               243.0614     # Longest lived. 241.06
+antimony                121.760
+argon                   39.948
+arsenic                 74.92159
+astatine                209.9871     # Longest lived
+barium                  137.327
+berkelium               247.0703     # Longest lived. 249.08
+beryllium               9.012182
+bismuth                 208.98037
+boron                   10.811
+bromine                 79.904
+cadmium                 112.411
+calcium                 40.078
+californium             251.0796     # Longest lived.  252.08
+carbon                  12.011
+cerium                  140.115
+cesium                  132.90543
+chlorine                35.4527
+chromium                51.9961
+cobalt                  58.93320
+copper                  63.546
+curium                  247.0703
+dysprosium              162.50
+einsteinium             252.083      # Longest lived
+erbium                  167.26
+europium                151.965
+fermium                 257.0951     # Longest lived
+fluorine                18.9984032
+francium                223.0197     # Longest lived
+gadolinium              157.25
+gallium                 69.723
+germanium               72.61
+gold                    196.96654
+hafnium                 178.49
+helium                  4.002602
+holmium                 164.93032
+hydrogen                1.00794
+indium                  114.818
+iodine                  126.90447
+iridium                 192.217
+iron                    55.845
+krypton                 83.80
+lanthanum               138.9055
+lawrencium              262.11       # Longest lived
+lead                    207.2
+lithium                 6.941
+lutetium                174.967
+magnesium               24.3050
+manganese               54.93805
+mendelevium             258.10       # Longest lived
+mercury                 200.59
+molybdenum              95.94
+neodymium               144.24
+neon                    20.1797
+neptunium               237.0482
+nickel                  58.6934
+niobium                 92.90638
+nitrogen                14.00674
+nobelium                259.1009     # Longest lived
+osmium                  190.23
+oxygen                  15.9994
+palladium               106.42
+phosphorus              30.973762
+platinum                195.08
+plutonium               244.0642     # Longest lived.  239.05
+polonium                208.9824     # Longest lived.  209.98
+potassium               39.0983
+praseodymium            140.90765
+promethium              144.9127     # Longest lived.  146.92
+protactinium            231.03588
+radium                  226.0254
+radon                   222.0176     # Longest lived
+rhenium                 186.207
+rhodium                 102.90550
+rubidium                85.4678
+ruthenium               101.07
+samarium                150.36
+scandium                44.955910
+selenium                78.96
+silicon                 28.0855
+silver                  107.8682
+sodium                  22.989768
+strontium               87.62
+sulfur                  32.066
+tantalum                180.9479
+technetium              97.9072      # Longest lived.  98.906
+tellurium               127.60
+terbium                 158.92534
+thallium                204.3833
+thorium                 232.0381
+thullium                168.93421
+tin                     118.710
+titanium                47.867
+tungsten                183.84
+uranium                 238.0289
+vanadium                50.9415
+xenon                   131.29
+ytterbium               173.04
+yttrium                 88.90585
+zinc                    65.39
+zirconium               91.224
+#
+# population units
+#
+people                  1
+person                  people
+death                   people
+capita                  people
+percapita               per capita
+#
+# Traditional Japanese units (shakkanhou)
+#
+# The traditional system of weights and measures is called shakkanhou from the
+# shaku and the ken.  Japan accepted SI units in 1891 and legalized conversions
+# to the traditional system.  In 1909 the inch-pound system was also legalized,
+# so Japan had three legally approved systems.  A change to the metric system
+# started in 1921 but there was a lot of resistance.  The Measurement Law of
+# October 1999 prohibits sales in anything but SI units.  However, the old
+# units still live on in construction and as the basis for paper sizes of books
+# and tools used for handicrafts.
+#
+# Note that units below use the Hepburn romanization system.  Some other
+# systems would render "mou", "jou", and "chou" as "mo", "jo" and "cho".
+#
+#
+# http://hiramatu-hifuka.com/onyak/onyindx.html
+# Japanese Proportions.  These are still in everyday use.  They also
+# get used as units to represent the proportion of the standard unit.
+wari_proportion      1|10
+wari                 wari_proportion
+bu_proportion        1|100    # The character bu can also be read fun or bun
+# but usually "bu" is used for units.
+rin_proportion       1|1000
+mou_proportion       1|10000
+# Japanese Length Measures
+#
+# The length system is called kanejaku or
+# square and originated in China.  It was
+# adopted as Japan's official measure in 701
+# by the Taiho Code.  This system is still in
+# common use in architecture and clothing.
+shaku              1|3.3 m
+mou                1|10000 shaku
+rin                1|1000 shaku
+bu_distance        1|100 shaku
+sun                1|10 shaku
+jou_distance       10 shaku
+jou                jou_distance
+kanejakusun        sun      # Alias to emphasize architectural name
+kanejaku           shaku
+kanejakujou        jou
+# In context of clothing, shaku is different from architecture
+# http://www.scinet.co.jp/sci/sanwa/kakizaki-essay54.html
+kujirajaku         10|8 shaku
+kujirajakusun      1|10 kujirajaku
+kujirajakubu       1|100 kujirajaku
+kujirajakujou      10 kujirajaku
+tan_distance       3 kujirajakujou
+ken                6 shaku  # Also sometimes 6.3, 6.5, or 6.6
+# http://www.homarewood.co.jp/syakusun.htm
+# mostly unused
+chou_distance      60 ken
+chou               chou_distance
+ri                 36 chou
+# Japanese Area Measures
+# Tsubo is still used for land size, though the others are more
+# recognized by their homonyms in the other measurements.
+gou_area             1|10 tsubo
+tsubo                36 shaku^2    # Size of two tatami = ken^2 ??
+se                   30 tsubo
+tan_area             10 se
+chou_area            10 tan_area
+# Japanese architecture is based on a "standard" size of tatami mat.
+# Room sizes today are given in number of tatami, and this number
+# determines the spacing between colums and hence sizes of sliding
+# doors and paper screens.  However, every region has its own slightly
+# different tatami size.  Edoma, used in and around Tokyo and
+# Hokkaido, is becoming a nationwide standard.  Kyouma is used around
+# Kyoto, Osaka and Kyuushu, and Chuukyouma is used around Nagoya.
+# Note that the tatami all have the aspect ratio 2:1 so that the mats
+# can tile the room with some of them turned 90 degrees.
+#
+# http://www.moon2.net/tatami/infotatami/structure.html
+edoma                (5.8*2.9) shaku^2
+kyouma               (6.3*3.15) shaku^2
+chuukyouma           (6*3) shaku^2
+jou_area             edoma
+tatami               jou_area
+# Japanese Volume Measures
+# The "shou" is still used for such things as alcohol and seasonings.
+# Large quantities of paint are still purchased in terms of "to".
+shaku_volume         1|10 gou_volume
+gou_volume           1|10 shou
+gou                  gou_volume
+shou                 (4.9*4.9*2.7) sun^3   # The character shou which is
+# the same as masu refers to a
+# rectangular wooden cup used to
+# measure liquids and cereal.
+# Sake is sometimes served in a masu
+# Note that it happens to be
+# EXACTLY 7^4/11^3 liters.
+to                   10 shou
+koku                 10 to  # No longer used; historically a measure of rice
+# Japanese Weight Measures
+#
+# http://wyoming.hp.infoseek.co.jp/zatugaku/zamoney.html
+# Not really used anymore.
+rin_weight           1|10 bu
+bu_weight            1|10 monme
+fun                  1|10 monme
+monme                15|4 g
+kin                  160 monme
+kan                  1000 monme
+kwan                 kan         # This was the old pronounciation of the unit.
+# The old spelling persisted a few centuries
+# longer and was not changed until around
+# 1950.
+#
+# Australian unit
+#
+australiasquare         (10 ft)^2   # Used for house area
+#
+# A few German units as currently in use.
+#
+zentner                 50 kg
+doppelzentner           2 zentner
+pfund                   500 g
+#
+# Old French distance measures, from French Weights and Measures
+# Before the Revolution by Zupko
+#
+frenchfoot              144|443.296 m     # pied de roi, the standard of Paris.
+pied                    frenchfoot        #   Half of the hashimicubit,
+frenchfeet              frenchfoot        #   instituted by Charlemagne.
+frenchinch              1|12 frenchfoot   #   This exact definition comes from
+frenchthumb             frenchinch        #   a law passed on 10 Dec 1799 which
+pouce                   frenchthumb       #   fixed the meter at
+#   3 frenchfeet + 11.296 lignes.
+frenchline              1|12 frenchinch   # This is supposed to be the size
+ligne                   frenchline        #   of the average barleycorn
+frenchpoint             1|12 frenchline
+toise                   6 frenchfeet
+arpent                  180^2 pied^2      # The arpent is 100 square perches,
+# but the perche seems to vary a lot
+# and can be 18 feet, 20 feet, or 22
+# feet.  This measure was described
+# as being in common use in Canada in
+# 1934 (Websters 2nd).  The value
+# given here is the Paris standard
+# arpent.
+frenchgrain             1|18827.15 kg     # Weight of a wheat grain, hence
+# smaller than the British grain.
+frenchpound             9216 frenchgrain
+#
+# Before the Imperial Weights and Measures Act of 1824, various different
+# weights and measures were in use in different places.
+#
+# Scots linear measure
+scotsinch        1.00540054 UKinch
+scotslink        1|100 scotschain
+scotsfoot        12 scotsinch
+scotsfeet        scotsfoot
+scotsell         37 scotsinch
+scotsfall        6 scotsell
+scotschain       4 scotsfall
+scotsfurlong     10 scotschain
+scotsmile        8 scotsfurlong
+# Scots area measure
+scotsrood        40 scotsfall^2
+scotsacre        4 scotsrood
+nook             20 acres     # Given in [18] with English acres; apparently
+# developed after the switch to Imperial units.
+# Irish linear measure
+irishinch       UKinch
+irishpalm       3 irishinch
+irishspan       3 irishpalm
+irishfoot       12 irishinch
+irishfeet       irishfoot
+irishcubit      18 irishinch
+irishyard       3 irishfeet
+irishpace       5 irishfeet
+irishfathom     6 irishfeet
+irishpole       7 irishyard      # Only these values
+irishperch      irishpole        # are different from
+irishchain      4 irishperch     # the British Imperial
+irishlink       1|100 irishchain # or English values for
+irishfurlong    10 irishchain    # these lengths.
+irishmile       8 irishfurlong   #
+#  Irish area measure
+irishrood       40 irishpole^2
+irishacre       4 irishrood
+# English wine capacity measures (Winchester measures)
+winepint       1|2 winequart
+winequart      1|4 winegallon
+winegallon     231 UKinch^3   # Sometimes called the Winchester Wine Gallon,
+# it was legalized in 1707 by Queen Anne, and
+# given the definition of 231 cubic inches.  It
+# had been in use for a while as 8 pounds of wine
+# using a merchant's pound, but the definition of
+# the merchant's pound had become uncertain.  A
+# pound of 15 tower ounces (6750 grains) had been
+# common, but then a pound of 15 troy ounces
+# (7200 grains) gained popularity.  Because of
+# the switch in the value of the merchants pound,
+# the size of the wine gallon was uncertain in
+# the market, hence the official act in 1707.
+# The act allowed that a six inch tall cylinder
+# with a 7 inch diameter was a lawful wine
+# gallon.  (This comes out to 230.9 in^3.)
+# Note also that in Britain a legal conversion
+# was established to the 1824 Imperial gallon
+# then taken as 277.274 in^3 so that the wine
+# gallon was 0.8331 imperial gallons.  This is
+# 231.1 cubic inches (using the international
+# inch).
+winerundlet    18 winegallon
+winebarrel     31.5 winegallon
+winetierce     42 winegallon
+winehogshead   2 winebarrel
+winepuncheon   2 winetierce
+winebutt       2 winehogshead
+winepipe       winebutt
+winetun        2 winebutt
+# English beer and ale measures used 1803-1824 and used for beer before 1688
+beerpint       1|2 beerquart
+beerquart      1|4 beergallon
+beergallon     282 UKinch^3
+beerbarrel     36 beergallon
+beerhogshead   1.5 beerbarrel
+# English ale measures used from 1688-1803 for both ale and beer
+alepint        1|2 alequart
+alequart       1|4 alegallon
+alegallon      beergallon
+alebarrel      34 alegallon
+alehogshead    1.5 alebarrel
+# Scots capacity measure
+scotsgill      1|4 mutchkin
+mutchkin       1|2 choppin
+choppin        1|2 scotspint
+scotspint      1|2 scotsquart
+scotsquart     1|4 scotsgallon
+scotsgallon    827.232 UKinch^3
+scotsbarrel    8 scotsgallon
+jug            scotspint
+# Scots dry capacity measure
+scotswheatlippy   137.333 UKinch^3    # Also used for peas, beans, rye, salt
+scotswheatlippies scotswheatlippy
+scotswheatpeck    4 scotswheatlippy
+scotswheatfirlot  4 scotswheatpeck
+scotswheatboll    4 scotswheatfirlot
+scotswheatchalder 16 scotswheatboll
+scotsoatlippy     200.345 UKinch^3    # Also used for barley and malt
+scotsoatlippies   scotsoatlippy
+scotsoatpeck      4 scotsoatlippy
+scotsoatfirlot    4 scotsoatpeck
+scotsoatboll      4 scotsoatfirlot
+scotsoatchalder   16 scotsoatboll
+# Scots Tron weight
+trondrop       1|16 tronounce
+tronounce      1|20 tronpound
+tronpound      9520 grain
+tronstone      16 tronpound
+# Irish liquid capacity measure
+irishnoggin    1|4 irishpint
+irishpint      1|2 irishquart
+irishquart     1|2 irishpottle
+irishpottle    1|2 irishgallon
+irishgallon    217.6 UKinch^3
+irishrundlet   18 irishgallon
+irishbarrel    31.5 irishgallon
+irishtierce    42 irishgallon
+irishhogshead  2 irishbarrel
+irishpuncheon  2 irishtierce
+irishpipe      2 irishhogshead
+irishtun       2 irishpipe
+# Irish dry capacity measure
+irishpeck      2 irishgallon
+irishbushel    4 irishpeck
+irishstrike    2 irishbushel
+irishdrybarrel 2 irishstrike
+irishquarter   2 irishbarrel
+# English Tower weights, abolished in 1528
+towerpound       5400 grain
+towerounce       1|12 towerpound
+towerpennyweight 1|20 towerounce
+towergrain       1|32 towerpennyweight
+# English Mercantile weights, used since the late 12th century
+mercpound      6750 grain
+mercounce      1|15 mercpound
+mercpennyweight 1|20 mercounce
+# English weights for lead
+leadstone     12.5 lb
+fotmal        70 lb
+leadwey       14 leadstone
+fothers       12 leadwey
+# English Hay measure
+newhaytruss 60 lb             # New and old here seem to refer to "new"
+newhayload  36 newhaytruss    # hay and "old" hay rather than a new unit
+oldhaytruss 56 lb             # and an old unit.
+oldhayload  36 oldhaytruss
+# English wool measure
+woolclove   7 lb
+woolstone   2 woolclove
+wooltod     2 woolstone
+woolwey     13 woolstone
+woolsack    2 woolwey
+woolsarpler 2 woolsack
+woollast    6 woolsarpler
+#
+# Ancient history units:  There tends to be uncertainty in the definitions
+#                         of the units in this section
+# These units are from [11]
+# Roman measure.  The Romans had a well defined distance measure, but their
+# measures of weight were poor.  They adopted local weights in different
+# regions without distinguishing among them so that there are half a dozen
+# different Roman "standard" weight systems.
+romanfoot    296 mm          # There is some uncertainty in this definition
+romanfeet    romanfoot       # from which all the other units are derived.
+pes          romanfoot       # This value appears in numerous sources. In "The
+pedes        romanfoot       # Roman Land Surveyors", Dilke gives 295.7 mm.
+romaninch    1|12 romanfoot  # The subdivisions of the Roman foot have the
+romandigit   1|16 romanfoot  #   same names as the subdivisions of the pound,
+romanpalm    1|4 romanfoot   #   but we can't have the names for different
+romancubit   18 romaninch    #   units.
+romanpace    5 romanfeet     # Roman double pace (basic military unit)
+passus       romanpace
+romanperch   10 romanfeet
+stade        125 romanpaces
+stadia       stade
+stadium      stade
+romanmile    8 stadia        # 1000 paces
+romanleague  1.5 romanmile
+schoenus     4 romanmile
+# Other values for the Roman foot (from Dilke)
+earlyromanfoot    29.73 cm
+pesdrusianus      33.3 cm    # or 33.35 cm, used in Gaul & Germany in 1st c BC
+lateromanfoot     29.42 cm
+# Roman areas
+actuslength  120 romanfeet     # length of a Roman furrow
+actus        120*4 romanfeet^2 # area of the furrow
+squareactus  120^2 romanfeet^2 # actus quadratus
+acnua        squareactus
+iugerum      2 squareactus
+iugera       iugerum
+jugerum      iugerum
+jugera       iugerum
+heredium     2 iugera          # heritable plot
+heredia      heredium
+centuria     100 heredia
+centurium    centuria
+# Roman volumes
+sextarius       35.4 in^3      # Basic unit of Roman volume.  As always,
+sextarii        sextarius      # there is uncertainty.  Six large Roman
+# measures survive with volumes ranging from
+# 34.4 in^3 to 39.55 in^3.  Three of them
+# cluster around the size given here.
+#
+# But the values for this unit vary wildly
+# in other sources.  One reference  gives 0.547
+# liters, but then says the amphora is a
+# cubic Roman foot.  This gives a value for the
+# sextarius of 0.540 liters.  And the
+# encyclopedia Brittanica lists 0.53 liters for
+# this unit.  Both [7] and [11], which were
+# written by scholars of weights and measures,
+# give the value of 35.4 cubic inches.
+cochlearia      1|48 sextarius
+cyathi          1|12 sextarius
+acetabula       1|8 sextarius
+quartaria       1|4 sextarius
+quartarius      quartaria
+heminae         1|2 sextarius
+hemina          heminae
+cheonix         1.5 sextarii
+# Dry volume measures (usually)
+semodius        8 sextarius
+semodii         semodius
+modius          16 sextarius
+modii           modius
+# Liquid volume measures (usually)
+congius         12 heminae
+congii          congius
+amphora         8 congii
+amphorae        amphora      # Also a dry volume measure
+culleus         20 amphorae
+quadrantal      amphora
+# Roman weights
+libra           5052 grain   # The Roman pound varied significantly
+librae          libra        # from 4210 grains to 5232 grains.  Most of
+romanpound      libra        # the standards were obtained from the weight
+uncia           1|12 libra   # of particular coins.  The one given here is
+unciae          uncia        # based on the Gold Aureus of Augustus which
+romanounce      uncia        # was in use from BC 27 to AD 296.
+deunx           11 uncia
+dextans         10 uncia
+dodrans         9 uncia
+bes             8 uncia
+seprunx         7 uncia
+semis           6 uncia
+quincunx        5 uncia
+triens          4 uncia
+quadrans        3 uncia
+sextans         2 uncia
+sescuncia       1.5 uncia
+semuncia        1|2 uncia
+siscilius       1|4 uncia
+sextula         1|6 uncia
+semisextula     1|12 uncia
+scriptulum      1|24 uncia
+scrupula        scriptulum
+romanobol       1|2 scrupula
+romanaspound    4210 grain    # Old pound based on bronze coinage, the
+# earliest money of Rome BC 338 to BC 268.
+# Egyptian length measure
+egyptianroyalcubit      20.63 in    # plus or minus .2 in
+egyptianpalm            1|7 egyptianroyalcubit
+egyptiandigit           1|4 egyptianpalm
+egyptianshortcubit      6 egyptianpalm
+doubleremen             29.16 in  # Length of the diagonal of a square with
+remendigit       1|40 doubleremen # side length of 1 royal egyptian cubit.
+# This is divided into 40 digits which are
+# not the same size as the digits based on
+# the royal cubit.
+# Greek length measures
+greekfoot               12.45 in      # Listed as being derived from the
+greekfeet               greekfoot     # Egyptian Royal cubit in [11].  It is
+greekcubit              1.5 greekfoot # said to be 3|5 of a 20.75 in cubit.
+pous                    greekfoot
+podes                   greekfoot
+orguia                  6 greekfoot
+greekfathom             orguia
+stadion                 100 orguia
+akaina                  10 greekfeet
+plethron                10 akaina
+greekfinger             1|16 greekfoot
+homericcubit            20 greekfingers  # Elbow to end of knuckles.
+shortgreekcubit         18 greekfingers  # Elbow to start of fingers.
+ionicfoot               296 mm
+doricfoot               326 mm
+olympiccubit            25 remendigit    # These olympic measures were not as
+olympicfoot             2|3 olympiccubit # common as the other greek measures.
+olympicfinger           1|16 olympicfoot # They were used in agriculture.
+olympicfeet             olympicfoot
+olympicdakylos          olympicfinger
+olympicpalm             1|4 olympicfoot
+olympicpalestra         olympicpalm
+olympicspithame         3|4 foot
+olympicspan             olympicspithame
+olympicbema             2.5 olympicfeet
+olympicpace             olympicbema
+olympicorguia           6 olympicfeet
+olympicfathom           olympicorguia
+olympiccord             60 olympicfeet
+olympicamma             olympiccord
+olympicplethron         100 olympicfeet
+olympicstadion          600 olympicfeet
+# Greek capacity measure
+greekkotyle             270 ml           # This approximate value is obtained
+xestes                  2 greekkotyle    # from two earthenware vessels that
+khous                   12 greekkotyle   # were reconstructed from fragments.
+metretes                12 khous         # The kotyle is a day's corn ration
+choinix                 4 greekkotyle    # for one man.
+hekteos                 8 choinix
+medimnos                6 hekteos
+# Greek weight.  Two weight standards were used, an Aegina standard based
+# on the Beqa shekel and an Athens (attic) standard.
+aeginastater            192 grain        # Varies up to 199 grain
+aeginadrachmae          1|2 aeginastater
+aeginaobol              1|6 aeginadrachmae
+aeginamina              50 aeginastaters
+aeginatalent            60 aeginamina    # Supposedly the mass of a cubic foot
+# of water (whichever foot was in use)
+atticstater             135 grain        # Varies 134-138 grain
+atticdrachmae           1|2 atticstater
+atticobol               1|6 atticdrachmae
+atticmina               50 atticstaters
+attictalent             60 atticmina     # Supposedly the mass of a cubic foot
+# of water (whichever foot was in use)
+# "Northern" cubit and foot.  This was used by the pre-Aryan civilization in
+# the Indus valley.  It was used in Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, China,
+# central and Western Europe until modern times when it was displaced by
+# the metric system.
+northerncubit           26.6 in           # plus/minus .2 in
+northernfoot            1|2 northerncubit
+sumeriancubit           495 mm
+kus                     sumeriancubit
+sumerianfoot            2|3 sumeriancubit
+assyriancubit           21.6 in
+assyrianfoot            1|2 assyriancubit
+assyrianpalm            1|3 assyrianfoot
+assyriansusi            1|20 assyrianpalm
+susi                    assyriansusi
+persianroyalcubit       7 assyrianpalm
+# Arabic measures.  The arabic standards were meticulously kept.  Glass weights
+# accurate to .2 grains were made during AD 714-900.
+hashimicubit            25.56 in          # Standard of linear measure used
+# in Persian dominions of the Arabic
+# empire 7-8th cent.  Is equal to two
+# French feet.
+blackcubit              21.28 in
+arabicfeet              1|2 blackcubit
+arabicfoot              arabicfeet
+arabicinch              1|12 arabicfoot
+arabicmile              4000 blackcubit
+silverdirhem            45 grain  # The weights were derived from these two
+tradedirhem             48 grain  # units with two identically named systems
+# used for silver and used for trade purposes
+silverkirat             1|16 silverdirhem
+silverwukiyeh           10 silverdirhem
+silverrotl              12 silverwukiyeh
+arabicsilverpound       silverrotl
+tradekirat              1|16 tradedirhem
+tradewukiyeh            10 tradedirhem
+traderotl               12 tradewukiyeh
+arabictradepound        traderotl
+# Miscellaneous ancient units
+parasang                3.5 mile # Persian unit of length usually thought
+# to be between 3 and 3.5 miles
+biblicalcubit           21.8 in
+hebrewcubit             17.58 in
+li                      10|27.8 mile  # Chinese unit of length
+#   100 li is considered a day's march
+liang                   11|3 oz       # Chinese weight unit
+# Medieval time units.  According to the OED, these appear in Du Cange
+# by Papias.
+timepoint               1|5 hour  # also given as 1|4
+timeminute              1|10 hour
+timeostent              1|60 hour
+timeounce               1|8 timeostent
+timeatom                1|47 timeounce
+# Given in [15], these subdivisions of the grain were supposedly used
+# by jewelers.  The mite may have been used but the blanc could not
+# have been accurately measured.
+mite                    1|20 grain
+droit                   1|24 mite
+periot                  1|20 droit
+blanc                   1|24 periot
+#
+# Some definitions using ISO 8859-1 characters
+#
+�-                      1|4
+�-                      1|2
+�-                      3|4
+�-                      micro
+�                       cent
+�                       britainpound
+�                       japanyen
+�ngstr�m                angstrom
+�                       angstrom
+r�ntgen                 roentgen
+�C                      degC
+�F                      degF
+�K                      K             # �K is incorrect notation
+�R                      degR
+�                       degree
+#
+# Localisation
+#
+!locale en_US
+hundredweight           ushundredweight
+ton                     uston
+scruple                 apscruple
+fluidounce              usfluidounce
+gallon                  usgallon
+bushel                  usbushel
+quarter                 quarterweight
+cup                     uscup
+tablespoon              ustablespoon
+teaspoon                usteaspoon
+horsepower              ushorsepower
+dollar                  US$
+cent                    $ 0.01
+penny                   cent
+minim                   minimvolume
+pony                    ponyvolume
+grand                   usgrand
+firkin                  usfirkin
+hogshead                ushogshead
+acre                    usacre
+acrefoot                usacrefoot
+!endlocale
+!locale en_GB
+hundredweight           brhundredweight
+ton                     brton
+scruple                 brscruple
+fluidounce              brfluidounce
+gallon                  brgallon
+bushel                  brbushel
+quarter                 brquarter
+chaldron                brchaldron
+cup                     brcup
+teacup                  brteacup
+tablespoon              brtablespoon
+teaspoon                brteaspoon
+horsepower              brhorsepower
+dollar                  US$
+cent                    $ 0.01
+penny                   brpenny
+minim                   minimnote
+pony                    brpony
+grand                   brgrand
+firkin                  brfirkin
+hogshead                brhogshead
+acre                    intacre
+acrefoot                intacrefoot
+!endlocale
+############################################################################
+#
+# The following units were in the unix units database but do not appear in
+# this file:
+#
+#      wey        used for cheese, salt and other goods.  Measured mass or
+#      waymass    volume depending on what was measured and where the measuring
+#                 took place.  A wey of cheese ranged from 200 to 324 pounds.
+#
+#      sack       No precise definition
+#
+#      spindle    The length depends on the type of yarn
+#
+#      block      Defined variously on different computer systems
+#
+#      erlang     A unit of telephone traffic defined variously.
+#                 Omitted because there are no other units for this
+#                 dimension.  Is this true?  What about CCS = 1/36 erlang?
+#                 Erlang is supposed to be dimensionless.  One erlang means
+#                 a single channel occupied for one hour.
+#
+############################################################################
+beardsecond        5 nanometers

Mercurial > repo

comparison share/units.dat @ 0:e037173e0012