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1 #
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2 # This file is the units database for use with GNU units, a units conversion
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3 # program by Adrian Mariano adrian@cam.cornell.edu
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4 #
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5 # 14 February 2010 Version 1.50
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6 #
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7 # Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006
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8 # 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
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9 # Free Software Foundation, Inc
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10 #
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11 # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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12 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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13 # the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
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14 # (at your option) any later version.
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15 #
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16 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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17 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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18 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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19 # GNU General Public License for more details.
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20 #
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21 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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22 # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
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23 # Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
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24 # Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
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25 #
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26 ############################################################################
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27 #
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28 # Improvements and corrections are welcome.
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29 #
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30 # Most units data was drawn from
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31 # 1. NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition
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32 # 2. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 70th edition
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33 # 3. Oxford English Dictionary
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34 # 4. Websters New Universal Unabridged Dictionary
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35 # 5. Units of Measure by Stephen Dresner
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36 # 6. A Dictionary of English Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko
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37 # 7. British Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko
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38 # 8. Realm of Measure by Isaac Asimov
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39 # 9. United States standards of weights and measures, their
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40 # creation and creators by Arthur H. Frazier.
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41 # 10. French weights and measures before the Revolution: a
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42 # dictionary of provincial and local units by Ronald Zupko
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43 # 11. Weights and Measures: their ancient origins and their
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44 # development in Great Britain up to AD 1855 by FG Skinner
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45 # 12. The World of Measurements by H. Arthur Klein
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46 # 13. For Good Measure by William Johnstone
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47 # 14. NTC's Encyclopedia of International Weights and Measures
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48 # by William Johnstone
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49 # 15. Sizes by John Lord
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50 # 16. Sizesaurus by Stephen Strauss
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51 # 17. CODATA Recommended Values of Physical Constants available at
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52 # http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html
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53 # 18. How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. Available at
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54 # http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html
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55 # 19. Numericana. http://www.numericana.com
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56 # 20. UK history of measurement
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57 # http://www.ukmetrication.com/history.htm
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58 #
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59 # Thanks to Jeff Conrad for assistance in ferreting out unit definitions.
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60 #
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61 ###########################################################################
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62 #
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63 # If units you use are missing or defined incorrectly, please contact me.
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64 #
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65 # I added shoe size information but I'm not convinced that it's correct.
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66 # If you know anything about shoe sizes please contact me.
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67 #
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68 ###########################################################################
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69
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70 ###########################################################################
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71 # #
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72 # Primitive units. Any unit defined to contain a '!' character is a #
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73 # primitive unit which will not be reduced any further. All units should #
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74 # reduce to primitive units. #
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75 # #
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76 ###########################################################################
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77
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78 #
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79 # SI units
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80 #
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81
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82 kg ! # Mass of the international prototype
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83 kilogram kg
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84
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85 s ! # Duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation
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86 second s # corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine
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87 # levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom
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88
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89 m ! # Length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum
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90 meter m # during 1|299792458 seconds. Originally meant to be
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91 # 1e-7 of the length along a meridian from the equator
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92 # to a pole.
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93
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94 A ! # The current which produces a force of 2e-7 N/m between two
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95 ampere A # infinitely long wires that are 1 meter apart
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96 amp ampere
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97
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98 cd ! # Luminous intensity in a given direction of a source which
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99 candela cd # emits monochromatic radiation at 540e12 Hz with radiant
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100 # intensity 1|683 W/steradian. (This differs from radiant
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101 # intensity (W/sr) in that it is adjusted for human
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102 # perceptual dependence on wavelength. The frequency of
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103 # 540e12 Hz (yellow) is where human perception is most
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104 # efficient.)
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105
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106 mol ! # The amount of substance of a system which contains as many
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107 mole mol # elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of
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108 # carbon 12. The elementary entities must be specified and
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109 # may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, or other
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110 # particles or groups of particles. It is understood that
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111 # unbound atoms of carbon 12, at rest and in the ground
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112 # state, are referred to.
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113
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114 K ! # 1|273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple
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115 kelvin K # point of water
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116
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117 #
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118 # The radian and steradian are defined as dimensionless primitive units.
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119 # The radian is equal to m/m and the steradian to m^2/m^2 so these units are
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120 # dimensionless. Retaining them as named units is useful because it allows
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121 # clarity in expressions and makes the meaning of unit definitions more clear.
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122 # These units will reduce to 1 in conversions but not for sums of units or for
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123 # arguments to functions.
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124 #
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125
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126 radian !dimensionless # The angle subtended at the center of a circle by
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127 # an arc equal in length to the radius of the
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128 # circle
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129 sr !dimensionless # Solid angle which cuts off an area of the surface
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130 steradian sr # of the sphere equal to that of a square with
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131 # sides of length equal to the radius of the
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132 # sphere
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133
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134 #
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135 # Some primitive non-SI units
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136 #
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137
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138 US$ ! # The US dollar is chosen arbitrarily to be the primitive
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139 # unit of money.
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140
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141 bit ! # Basic unit of information (entropy). The entropy in bits
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142 # of a random variable over a finite alphabet is defined
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143 # to be the sum of -p(i)*log2(p(i)) over the alphabet where
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144 # p(i) is the probability that the random variable takes
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145 # on the value i.
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146
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147 ###########################################################################
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148 # #
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149 # Prefixes (longer names must come first) #
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150 # #
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151 ###########################################################################
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152
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153 yotta- 1e24 # Greek or Latin octo, "eight"
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154 zetta- 1e21 # Latin septem, "seven"
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155 exa- 1e18 # Greek hex, "six"
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156 peta- 1e15 # Greek pente, "five"
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157 tera- 1e12 # Greek teras, "monster"
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158 giga- 1e9 # Greek gigas, "giant"
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159 mega- 1e6 # Greek megas, "large"
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160 myria- 1e4 # Not an official SI prefix
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161 kilo- 1e3 # Greek chilioi, "thousand"
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162 hecto- 1e2 # Greek hekaton, "hundred"
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163 deca- 1e1 # Greek deka, "ten"
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164 deka- deca
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165 deci- 1e-1 # Latin decimus, "tenth"
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166 centi- 1e-2 # Latin centum, "hundred"
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167 milli- 1e-3 # Latin mille, "thousand"
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168 micro- 1e-6 # Latin micro or Greek mikros, "small"
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169 nano- 1e-9 # Latin nanus or Greek nanos, "dwarf"
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170 pico- 1e-12 # Spanish pico, "a bit"
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171 femto- 1e-15 # Danish-Norwegian femten, "fifteen"
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172 atto- 1e-18 # Danish-Norwegian atten, "eighteen"
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173 zepto- 1e-21 # Latin septem, "seven"
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174 yocto- 1e-24 # Greek or Latin octo, "eight"
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175
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176 quarter- 1|4
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177 semi- 0.5
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178 demi- 0.5
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179 hemi- 0.5
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180 half- 0.5
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181 double- 2
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182 triple- 3
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183 treble- 3
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184
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185 kibi- 2^10 # In response to the convention of illegally
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186 mebi- 2^20 # and confusingly using metric prefixes for
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187 gibi- 2^30 # powers of two, the International
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188 tebi- 2^40 # Electrotechnical Commission aproved these
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189 pebi- 2^50 # binary prefixes for use in 1998. If you
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190 exbi- 2^60 # want to refer to "megabytes" using the
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191 Ki- kibi # binary definition, use these prefixes.
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192 Mi- mebi
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193 Gi- gibi
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194 Ti- tebi
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195 Pi- pebi
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196 Ei- exbi
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197
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198 Y- yotta
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199 Z- zetta
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200 E- exa
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201 P- peta
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202 T- tera
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203 G- giga
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204 M- mega
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205 k- kilo
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206 h- hecto
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207 da- deka
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208 d- deci
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209 c- centi
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210 m- milli
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211 u- micro # it should be a mu but u is easy to type
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212 n- nano
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213 p- pico
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214 f- femto
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215 a- atto
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216 z- zepto
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217 y- yocto
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218
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219 #
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220 # Names of some numbers
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221 #
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222
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223 one 1
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224 two 2
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225 double 2
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226 couple 2
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227 three 3
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228 triple 3
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229 four 4
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230 quadruple 4
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231 five 5
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232 quintuple 5
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233 six 6
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234 seven 7
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235 eight 8
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236 nine 9
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237 ten 10
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238 eleven 11
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239 twelve 12
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240 thirteen 13
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241 fourteen 14
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242 fifteen 15
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243 sixteen 16
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244 seventeen 17
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245 eighteen 18
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246 nineteen 19
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247 twenty 20
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248 thirty 30
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249 forty 40
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250 fifty 50
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251 sixty 60
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252 seventy 70
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253 eighty 80
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254 ninety 90
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255 hundred 100
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256 thousand 1000
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257 million 1e6
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258
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259 # These number terms were described by N. Chuquet and De la Roche in the 16th
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260 # century as being successive powers of a million. These definitions are still
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261 # used in most European countries. The current US definitions for these
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262 # numbers arose in the 17th century and don't make nearly as much sense. These
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263 # numbers are listed in the CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics by Eric
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264 # W. Weisstein.
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265
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266 shortbillion 1e9
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267 shorttrillion 1e12
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268 shortquadrillion 1e15
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269 shortquintillion 1e18
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270 shortsextillion 1e21
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271 shortseptillion 1e24
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272 shortoctillion 1e27
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273 shortnonillion 1e30
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274 shortnoventillion shortnonillion
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275 shortdecillion 1e33
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276 shortundecillion 1e36
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277 shortduodecillion 1e39
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278 shorttredecillion 1e42
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279 shortquattuordecillion 1e45
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280 shortquindecillion 1e48
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281 shortsexdecillion 1e51
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282 shortseptendecillion 1e54
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283 shortoctodecillion 1e57
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284 shortnovemdecillion 1e60
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285 shortvigintillion 1e63
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286
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287 centillion 1e303
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288 googol 1e100
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289
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290 longbillion million^2
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291 longtrillion million^3
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292 longquadrillion million^4
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293 longquintillion million^5
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294 longsextillion million^6
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295 longseptillion million^7
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296 longoctillion million^8
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297 longnonillion million^9
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298 longnoventillion longnonillion
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299 longdecillion million^10
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300 longundecillion million^11
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301 longduodecillion million^12
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302 longtredecillion million^13
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303 longquattuordecillion million^14
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304 longquindecillion million^15
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305 longsexdecillion million^16
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306 longseptdecillion million^17
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307 longoctodecillion million^18
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308 longnovemdecillion million^19
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309 longvigintillion million^20
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310
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311 # These numbers fill the gaps left by the long system above.
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312
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313 milliard 1000 million
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314 billiard 1000 million^2
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315 trilliard 1000 million^3
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316 quadrilliard 1000 million^4
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317 quintilliard 1000 million^5
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318 sextilliard 1000 million^6
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319 septilliard 1000 million^7
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320 octilliard 1000 million^8
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321 nonilliard 1000 million^9
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322 noventilliard nonilliard
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323 decilliard 1000 million^10
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324
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325 # For consistency
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326
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327 longmilliard milliard
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328 longbilliard billiard
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329 longtrilliard trilliard
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330 longquadrilliard quadrilliard
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331 longquintilliard quintilliard
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332 longsextilliard sextilliard
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333 longseptilliard septilliard
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334 longoctilliard octilliard
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335 longnonilliard nonilliard
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336 longnoventilliard noventilliard
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337 longdecilliard decilliard
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338
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339 # The long centillion would be 1e600. The googolplex is another
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340 # familiar large number equal to 10^googol. These numbers give overflows.
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341
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342 #
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343 # The short system prevails in English speaking countries
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344 #
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345
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346 billion shortbillion
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347 trillion shorttrillion
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348 quadrillion shortquadrillion
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349 quintillion shortquintillion
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350 sextillion shortsextillion
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351 septillion shortseptillion
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352 octillion shortoctillion
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353 nonillion shortnonillion
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354 noventillion shortnoventillion
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355 decillion shortdecillion
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356 undecillion shortundecillion
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357 duodecillion shortduodecillion
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358 tredecillion shorttredecillion
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359 quattuordecillion shortquattuordecillion
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360 quindecillion shortquindecillion
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361 sexdecillion shortsexdecillion
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362 septendecillion shortseptendecillion
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363 octodecillion shortoctodecillion
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364 novemdecillion shortnovemdecillion
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365 vigintillion shortvigintillion
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366
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367
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368
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369 #############################################################################
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370 # #
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371 # Derived units which can be reduced to the primitive units #
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372 # #
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373 #############################################################################
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374
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375
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376
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377 #
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378 # Named SI derived units (officially accepted)
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379 #
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380
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381 newton kg m / s^2 # force
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382 N newton
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383 pascal N/m^2 # pressure or stress
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384 Pa pascal
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385 joule N m # energy
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386 J joule
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387 watt J/s # power
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388 W watt
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389 coulomb A s # charge
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390 C coulomb
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391 volt W/A # potential difference
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392 V volt
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393 ohm V/A # electrical resistance
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394 siemens A/V # electrical conductance
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395 S siemens
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396 farad C/V # capacitance
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397 F farad
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398 weber V s # magnetic flux
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399 Wb weber
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400 henry Wb/A # inductance
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401 H henry
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402 tesla Wb/m^2 # magnetic flux density
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403 T tesla
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404 hertz /s # frequency
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405 Hz hertz
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406
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407 #
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408 # Dimensions. These are here to help with dimensional analysis and
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409 # because they will appear in the list produced by hitting '?' at the
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410 # "You want:" prompt to tell the user the dimension of the unit.
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411 #
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412
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413 LENGTH meter
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414 AREA LENGTH^2
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415 VOLUME LENGTH^3
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416 MASS kilogram
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417 CURRENT ampere
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418 AMOUNT mole
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419 ANGLE radian
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420 SOLID_ANGLE steradian
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421 MONEY US$
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422 FORCE newton
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423 PRESSURE FORCE / AREA
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424 STRESS FORCE / AREA
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425 CHARGE coulomb
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426 CAPACITANCE farad
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427 RESISTANCE ohm
|
|
|
428 CONDUCTANCE siemens
|
|
|
429 INDUCTANCE henry
|
|
|
430 FREQUENCY hertz
|
|
|
431 VELOCITY LENGTH / TIME
|
|
|
432 ACCELERATION VELOCITY / TIME
|
|
|
433 DENSITY MASS / VOLUME
|
|
|
434 LINEAR_DENSITY MASS / LENGTH
|
|
|
435 VISCOSITY FORCE TIME / AREA
|
|
|
436 KINEMATIC_VISCOSITY VISCOSITY / DENSITY
|
|
|
437
|
|
|
438
|
|
|
439 #
|
|
|
440 # units derived easily from SI units
|
|
|
441 #
|
|
|
442
|
|
|
443 gram millikg
|
|
|
444 gm gram
|
|
|
445 g gram
|
|
|
446 tonne 1000 kg
|
|
|
447 t tonne
|
|
|
448 metricton tonne
|
|
|
449 sthene tonne m / s^2
|
|
|
450 funal sthene
|
|
|
451 pieze sthene / m^2
|
|
|
452 quintal 100 kg
|
|
|
453 bar 1e5 Pa # About 1 atm
|
|
|
454 vac millibar
|
|
|
455 micron micrometer # One millionth of a meter
|
|
|
456 bicron picometer # One brbillionth of a meter
|
|
|
457 cc cm^3
|
|
|
458 are 100 m^2
|
|
|
459 liter 1000 cc # The liter was defined in 1901 as the
|
|
|
460 oldliter 1.000028 dm^3 # space occupied by 1 kg of pure water at
|
|
|
461 l liter # the temperature of its maximum density
|
|
|
462 L liter # under a pressure of 1 atm. This was
|
|
|
463 # supposed to be 1000 cubic cm, but it
|
|
|
464 # was discovered that the original
|
|
|
465 # measurement was off. In 1964, the
|
|
|
466 # liter was redefined to be exactly 1000
|
|
|
467 # cubic centimeters.
|
|
|
468 mho siemens # Inverse of ohm, hence ohm spelled backward
|
|
|
469 galvat ampere # Named after Luigi Galvani
|
|
|
470 angstrom 1e-10 m # Convenient for describing molecular sizes
|
|
|
471 xunit 1.00202e-13 meter # Used for measuring wavelengths
|
|
|
472 siegbahn xunit # of X-rays. It is defined to be
|
|
|
473 # 1|3029.45 of the spacing of calcite
|
|
|
474 # planes at 18 degC. It was intended
|
|
|
475 # to be exactly 1e-13 m, but was
|
|
|
476 # later found to be off slightly.
|
|
|
477 fermi 1e-15 m # Convenient for describing nuclear sizes
|
|
|
478 # Nuclear radius is from 1 to 10 fermis
|
|
|
479 barn 1e-28 m^2 # Used to measure cross section for
|
|
|
480 # particle physics collision, said to
|
|
|
481 # have originated in the phrase "big as
|
|
|
482 # a barn".
|
|
|
483 shed 1e-24 barn # Defined to be a smaller companion to the
|
|
|
484 # barn, but it's too small to be of
|
|
|
485 # much use.
|
|
|
486 brewster micron^2/N # measures stress-optical coef
|
|
|
487 diopter /m # measures reciprocal of lens focal length
|
|
|
488 fresnel 1e12 Hz # occasionally used in spectroscopy
|
|
|
489 shake 1e-8 sec
|
|
|
490 svedberg 1e-13 s # Used for measuring the sedimentation
|
|
|
491 # coefficient for centrifuging.
|
|
|
492 gamma microgram # Also used for 1e-9 tesla
|
|
|
493 lambda microliter
|
|
|
494 spat 1e12 m # Rarely used for astronomical measurements
|
|
|
495 preece 1e13 ohm m # resistivity
|
|
|
496 planck J s # action of one joule over one second
|
|
|
497 sturgeon /henry # magnetic reluctance
|
|
|
498 daraf 1/farad # elastance (farad spelled backwards)
|
|
|
499 leo 10 m/s^2
|
|
|
500 poiseuille N s / m^2 # viscosity
|
|
|
501 mayer J/g K # specific heat
|
|
|
502 mired / microK # reciprocal color temperature. The name
|
|
|
503 # abbreviates micro reciprocal degree.
|
|
|
504 crocodile megavolt # used informally in UK physics labs
|
|
|
505 metricounce 25 g
|
|
|
506 mounce metricounce
|
|
|
507 finsenunit 1e5 W/m^2 # Measures intensity of ultraviolet light
|
|
|
508 # with wavelength 296.7 nm.
|
|
|
509 fluxunit 1e-26 W/m^2 Hz # Used in radio astronomy to measure
|
|
|
510 # the energy incident on the receiving
|
|
|
511 # body across a specified frequency
|
|
|
512 # bandwidth. [12]
|
|
|
513 jansky fluxunit # K. G. Jansky identified radio waves coming
|
|
|
514 Jy jansky # from outer space in 1931.
|
|
|
515 pfu / cm^2 sr s # particle flux unit -- Used to measure
|
|
|
516 # rate at which particles are received by
|
|
|
517 # a spacecraft as particles per solid
|
|
|
518 # angle per detector area per second. [18]
|
|
|
519 pyron cal_IT / cm^2 min # Measures heat flow from solar radiation,
|
|
|
520 # from Greek work "pyr" for fire.
|
|
|
521 katal mol/sec # Measure of the amount of a catalyst. One
|
|
|
522 kat katal # katal of catalyst enables the reaction
|
|
|
523 # to consume or produce on mol/sec.
|
|
|
524 #
|
|
|
525 # time
|
|
|
526 #
|
|
|
527
|
|
|
528 sec s
|
|
|
529 minute 60 s
|
|
|
530 min minute
|
|
|
531 hour 60 min
|
|
|
532 hr hour
|
|
|
533 day 24 hr
|
|
|
534 d day
|
|
|
535 da day
|
|
|
536 week 7 day
|
|
|
537 wk week
|
|
|
538 sennight 7 day
|
|
|
539 fortnight 14 day
|
|
|
540 blink 1e-5 day # Actual human blink takes 1|3 second
|
|
|
541 ce 1e-2 day
|
|
|
542 cron 1e6 years
|
|
|
543 watch 4 hours # time a sentry stands watch or a ship's
|
|
|
544 # crew is on duty.
|
|
|
545 bell 1|8 watch # Bell would be sounded every 30 minutes.
|
|
|
546
|
|
|
547
|
|
|
548
|
|
|
549 #
|
|
|
550 # angular measure
|
|
|
551 #
|
|
|
552
|
|
|
553 circle 2 pi radian
|
|
|
554 degree 1|360 circle
|
|
|
555 deg degree
|
|
|
556 arcdeg degree
|
|
|
557 arcmin 1|60 degree
|
|
|
558 arcminute arcmin
|
|
|
559 ' arcmin
|
|
|
560 arcsec 1|60 arcmin
|
|
|
561 arcsecond arcsec
|
|
|
562 " arcsec
|
|
|
563 '' "
|
|
|
564 rightangle 90 degrees
|
|
|
565 quadrant 1|4 circle
|
|
|
566 quintant 1|5 circle
|
|
|
567 sextant 1|6 circle
|
|
|
568
|
|
|
569 sign 1|12 circle # Angular extent of one sign of the zodiac
|
|
|
570 turn circle
|
|
|
571 revolution turn
|
|
|
572 rev turn
|
|
|
573 pulsatance radian / sec
|
|
|
574 gon 1|100 rightangle # measure of grade
|
|
|
575 grade gon
|
|
|
576 centesimalminute 1|100 grade
|
|
|
577 centesimalsecond 1|100 centesimalminute
|
|
|
578 milangle 1|6400 circle # Official NIST definition.
|
|
|
579 # Another choice is 1e-3 radian.
|
|
|
580 pointangle 1|32 circle # Used for reporting compass readings
|
|
|
581 centrad 0.01 radian # Used for angular deviation of light
|
|
|
582 # through a prism.
|
|
|
583 mas milli arcsec # Used by astronomers
|
|
|
584 seclongitude circle (seconds/day) # Astronomers measure longitude
|
|
|
585 # (which they call right ascension) in
|
|
|
586 # time units by dividing the equator into
|
|
|
587 # 24 hours instead of 360 degrees.
|
|
|
588 #
|
|
|
589 # Some geometric formulas
|
|
|
590 #
|
|
|
591
|
|
|
592 circlearea(r) [m;m^2] pi r^2 ; sqrt(circlearea/pi)
|
|
|
593 spherevolume(r) [m;m^3] 4|3 pi r^3 ; cuberoot(spherevolume/4|3 pi)
|
|
|
594 spherevol(r) [m;m^3] spherevolume(r) ; ~spherevolume(spherevol)
|
|
|
595 square(x) x^2 ; sqrt(square)
|
|
|
596
|
|
|
597 #
|
|
|
598 # Solid angle measure
|
|
|
599 #
|
|
|
600
|
|
|
601 sphere 4 pi sr
|
|
|
602 squaredegree 1|180^2 pi^2 sr
|
|
|
603 squareminute 1|60^2 squaredegree
|
|
|
604 squaresecond 1|60^2 squareminute
|
|
|
605 squarearcmin squareminute
|
|
|
606 squarearcsec squaresecond
|
|
|
607 sphericalrightangle 0.5 pi sr
|
|
|
608 octant 0.5 pi sr
|
|
|
609
|
|
|
610 #
|
|
|
611 # Concentration measures
|
|
|
612 #
|
|
|
613
|
|
|
614 percent 0.01
|
|
|
615 % percent
|
|
|
616 mill 0.001 # Originally established by Congress in 1791
|
|
|
617 # as a unit of money equal to 0.001 dollars,
|
|
|
618 # it has come to refer to 0.001 in general.
|
|
|
619 # Used by some towns to set their property
|
|
|
620 # tax rate, and written with a symbol similar
|
|
|
621 # to the % symbol but with two 0's in the
|
|
|
622 # denominator. [18]
|
|
|
623 proof 1|200 # Alcohol content measured by volume at
|
|
|
624 # 60 degrees Fahrenheit. This is a USA
|
|
|
625 # measure. In Europe proof=percent.
|
|
|
626 ppm 1e-6
|
|
|
627 partspermillion ppm
|
|
|
628 ppb 1e-9
|
|
|
629 partsperbillion ppb # USA billion
|
|
|
630 ppt 1e-12
|
|
|
631 partspertrillion ppt # USA trillion
|
|
|
632 karat 1|24 # measure of gold purity
|
|
|
633 caratgold karat
|
|
|
634 gammil mg/l
|
|
|
635 basispoint 0.01 % # Used in finance
|
|
|
636 fine 1|1000 # Measure of gold purity
|
|
|
637
|
|
|
638 # The pH scale is used to measure the concentration of hydronium (H3O+) ions in
|
|
|
639 # a solution. A neutral solution has a pH of 7 as a result of dissociated
|
|
|
640 # water molecules.
|
|
|
641
|
|
|
642 pH(x) [;mol/liter] 10^(-x) mol/liter ; (-log(pH liters/mol))
|
|
|
643
|
|
|
644
|
|
|
645 #
|
|
|
646 # Temperature
|
|
|
647 #
|
|
|
648 # Two types of units are defined: units for converting temperature differences
|
|
|
649 # and functions for converting absolute temperatures. Conversions for
|
|
|
650 # differences start with "deg" and conversions for absolute temperature start
|
|
|
651 # with "temp".
|
|
|
652 #
|
|
|
653
|
|
|
654 TEMPERATURE kelvin
|
|
|
655 TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE kelvin
|
|
|
656
|
|
|
657 tempC(x) [;K] x K + stdtemp ; (tempC +(-stdtemp))/K # In 1741 Anders Celsius
|
|
|
658 tempcelsius(x) [;K] tempC(x); ~tempC(tempcelsius) # introduced a temperature
|
|
|
659 degcelsius K # scale with water boiling at 0 degrees and
|
|
|
660 degC K # freezing at 100 degrees at standard
|
|
|
661 # pressure. After his death the fixed points
|
|
|
662 # were reversed and the scale was called the
|
|
|
663 # centigrade scale. Due to the difficulty of
|
|
|
664 # accurately measuring the temperature of
|
|
|
665 # melting ice at standard pressure, the
|
|
|
666 # centigrade scale was replaced in 1954 by
|
|
|
667 # the Celsius scale which is defined by
|
|
|
668 # subtracting 273.15 from the temperature in
|
|
|
669 # Kelvins. This definition differed slightly
|
|
|
670 # from the old centigrade definition, but the
|
|
|
671 # Kelvin scale depends on the triple point of
|
|
|
672 # water rather than a melting point, so it
|
|
|
673 # can be measured accurately.
|
|
|
674
|
|
|
675 tempF(x) [;K] (x+(-32)) degF + stdtemp ; (tempF+(-stdtemp))/degF + 32
|
|
|
676 tempfahrenheit(x) [;K] tempF(x) ; ~tempF(tempfahrenheit)
|
|
|
677 degfahrenheit 5|9 degC # Fahrenheit defined his temperature scale
|
|
|
678 degF 5|9 degC # by setting 0 to the coldest temperature
|
|
|
679 # he could produce in his lab with a salt
|
|
|
680 # water solution and by setting 96 degrees to
|
|
|
681 # body heat. In Fahrenheit's words:
|
|
|
682 #
|
|
|
683 # Placing the thermometer in a mixture of
|
|
|
684 # sal ammoniac or sea salt, ice, and water
|
|
|
685 # a point on the scale will be found which
|
|
|
686 # is denoted as zero. A second point is
|
|
|
687 # obtained if the same mixture is used
|
|
|
688 # without salt. Denote this position as
|
|
|
689 # 30. A third point, designated as 96, is
|
|
|
690 # obtained if the thermometer is placed in
|
|
|
691 # the mouth so as to acquire the heat of a
|
|
|
692 # healthy man." (D. G. Fahrenheit,
|
|
|
693 # Phil. Trans. (London) 33, 78, 1724)
|
|
|
694
|
|
|
695 degreesrankine degF # The Rankine scale has the
|
|
|
696 degrankine degreesrankine # Fahrenheit degree, but its zero
|
|
|
697 degreerankine degF # is at absolute zero.
|
|
|
698 degR degrankine
|
|
|
699 tempR degrankine
|
|
|
700 temprankine degrankine
|
|
|
701
|
|
|
702 tempreaumur(x) [;K] x degreaumur+stdtemp ; (tempreaumur+(-stdtemp))/degreaumur
|
|
|
703 degreaumur 10|8 degC # The Reaumur scale was used in Europe and
|
|
|
704 # particularly in France. It is defined
|
|
|
705 # to be 0 at the freezing point of water
|
|
|
706 # and 80 at the boiling point. Reaumur
|
|
|
707 # apparently selected 80 because it is
|
|
|
708 # divisible by many numbers.
|
|
|
709
|
|
|
710 degK K # "Degrees Kelvin" is forbidden usage.
|
|
|
711 tempK K # For consistency.
|
|
|
712
|
|
|
713 # Gas mark is implemented below but in a terribly ugly way. There is
|
|
|
714 # a simple formula, but it requires a conditional which is not
|
|
|
715 # presently supported.
|
|
|
716 #
|
|
|
717 # The formula to convert to degrees Fahrenheit is:
|
|
|
718 #
|
|
|
719 # 25 log2(gasmark) + k_f gasmark<=1
|
|
|
720 # 25 (gasmark-1) + k_f gasmark>=1
|
|
|
721 #
|
|
|
722 # k_f = 275
|
|
|
723 #
|
|
|
724 gasmark[degR] \
|
|
|
725 .0625 634.67 \
|
|
|
726 .125 659.67 \
|
|
|
727 .25 684.67 \
|
|
|
728 .5 709.67 \
|
|
|
729 1 734.67 \
|
|
|
730 2 759.67 \
|
|
|
731 3 784.67 \
|
|
|
732 4 809.67 \
|
|
|
733 5 834.67 \
|
|
|
734 6 859.67 \
|
|
|
735 7 884.67 \
|
|
|
736 8 909.67 \
|
|
|
737 9 934.67 \
|
|
|
738 10 959.67
|
|
|
739
|
|
|
740 # Units cannot handle wind chill or heat index because they are two variable
|
|
|
741 # functions, but they are included here for your edification. Clearly these
|
|
|
742 # equations are the result of a model fitting operation.
|
|
|
743 #
|
|
|
744 # wind chill index (WCI) a measurement of the combined cooling effect of low
|
|
|
745 # air temperature and wind on the human body. The index was first defined
|
|
|
746 # by the American Antarctic explorer Paul Siple in 1939. As currently used
|
|
|
747 # by U.S. meteorologists, the wind chill index is computed from the
|
|
|
748 # temperature T (in °F) and wind speed V (in mi/hr) using the formula:
|
|
|
749 # WCI = 0.0817(3.71 sqrt(V) + 5.81 - 0.25V)(T - 91.4) + 91.4.
|
|
|
750 # For very low wind speeds, below 4 mi/hr, the WCI is actually higher than
|
|
|
751 # the air temperature, but for higher wind speeds it is lower than the air
|
|
|
752 # temperature.
|
|
|
753 #
|
|
|
754 # heat index (HI or HX) a measure of the combined effect of heat and
|
|
|
755 # humidity on the human body. U.S. meteorologists compute the index
|
|
|
756 # from the temperature T (in °F) and the relative humidity H (as a
|
|
|
757 # value from 0 to 1).
|
|
|
758 # HI = -42.379 + 2.04901523 T + 1014.333127 H - 22.475541 TH
|
|
|
759 # - .00683783 T^2 - 548.1717 H^2 + 0.122874 T^2 H + 8.5282 T H^2
|
|
|
760 # - 0.0199 T^2 H^2.
|
|
|
761
|
|
|
762 #
|
|
|
763 # Physical constants
|
|
|
764 #
|
|
|
765
|
|
|
766 # Basic constants
|
|
|
767
|
|
|
768 pi 3.14159265358979323846
|
|
|
769 c 2.99792458e8 m/s # speed of light in vacuum (exact)
|
|
|
770 light c
|
|
|
771 mu0 4 pi 1e-7 H/m # permeability of vacuum (exact)
|
|
|
772 epsilon0 1/mu0 c^2 # permittivity of vacuum (exact)
|
|
|
773 energy c^2 # convert mass to energy
|
|
|
774 e 1.602176487e-19 C # electron charge
|
|
|
775 h 6.62606896e-34 J s # Planck constant
|
|
|
776 hbar h / 2 pi
|
|
|
777 spin hbar
|
|
|
778 G 6.67428e-11 N m^2 / kg^2 # Newtonian gravitational constant
|
|
|
779 # This is the NIST 2002 value.
|
|
|
780 # Note that NIST increased the
|
|
|
781 # uncertainty of G to 1500 ppm
|
|
|
782 # as a result of disagreements
|
|
|
783 # between experiments performed in
|
|
|
784 # the late 1990s. Some other
|
|
|
785 # sources give conflicting values
|
|
|
786 # with a much lower uncertainty.
|
|
|
787 coulombconst 1/4 pi epsilon0 # listed as "k" sometimes
|
|
|
788
|
|
|
789 # Physico-chemical constants
|
|
|
790
|
|
|
791 atomicmassunit 1.660538782e-27 kg# atomic mass unit (defined to be
|
|
|
792 u atomicmassunit # 1|12 of the mass of carbon 12)
|
|
|
793 amu atomicmassunit
|
|
|
794 amu_chem 1.66026e-27 kg # 1|16 of the weighted average mass of
|
|
|
795 # the 3 naturally occuring neutral
|
|
|
796 # isotopes of oxygen
|
|
|
797 amu_phys 1.65981e-27 kg # 1|16 of the mass of a neutral
|
|
|
798 # oxygen 16 atom
|
|
|
799 dalton u # Maybe this should be amu_chem?
|
|
|
800 avogadro grams/amu mol # size of a mole
|
|
|
801 N_A avogadro
|
|
|
802 gasconstant 8.314472 J / mol K # molar gas constant
|
|
|
803 R gasconstant
|
|
|
804 boltzmann R / N_A # Boltzmann constant
|
|
|
805 k boltzmann
|
|
|
806 kboltzmann boltzmann
|
|
|
807 molarvolume mol R stdtemp / atm # Volume occupied by one mole of an
|
|
|
808 # ideal gas at STP.
|
|
|
809 loschmidt avogadro mol / molarvolume # Molecules per cubic meter of an
|
|
|
810 # ideal gas at STP. Loschmidt did
|
|
|
811 # work similar to Avogadro.
|
|
|
812 stefanboltzmann pi^2 k^4 / 60 hbar^3 c^2 # The power per area radiated by a
|
|
|
813 sigma stefanboltzmann # blackbody at temperature T is
|
|
|
814 # given by sigma T^4.
|
|
|
815 wiendisplacement 2.8977685e-3 m K # Wien's Displacement Law gives the
|
|
|
816 # frequency at which the the Planck
|
|
|
817 # spectrum has maximum intensity.
|
|
|
818 # The relation is lambda T = b where
|
|
|
819 # lambda is wavelength, T is
|
|
|
820 # temperature and b is the Wien
|
|
|
821 # displacement. This relation is
|
|
|
822 # used to determine the temperature
|
|
|
823 # of stars.
|
|
|
824 K_J 483597.9 GHz/V # Direct measurement of the volt is difficult. Until
|
|
|
825 # recently, laboratories kept Weston cadmium cells as
|
|
|
826 # a reference, but they could drift. In 1987 the
|
|
|
827 # CGPM officially recommended the use of the
|
|
|
828 # Josephson effect as a laboratory representation of
|
|
|
829 # the volt. The Josephson effect occurs when two
|
|
|
830 # superconductors are separated by a thin insulating
|
|
|
831 # layer. A "supercurrent" flows across the insulator
|
|
|
832 # with a frequency that depends on the potential
|
|
|
833 # applied across the superconductors. This frequency
|
|
|
834 # can be very accurately measured. The Josephson
|
|
|
835 # constant K_J, which is equal to 2e/h, relates the
|
|
|
836 # measured frequency to the potential. The value
|
|
|
837 # given here is the officially specified value for
|
|
|
838 # use beginning in 1990. The 2006 recommended value
|
|
|
839 # of the constant is 483597.891 GHz/V.
|
|
|
840 R_K 25812.807 ohm # Measurement of the ohm also presents difficulties.
|
|
|
841 # The old approach involved maintaining resistances
|
|
|
842 # that were subject to drift. The new standard is
|
|
|
843 # based on the Hall effect. When a current carrying
|
|
|
844 # ribbon is placed in a magnetic field, a potential
|
|
|
845 # difference develops across the ribbon. The ratio
|
|
|
846 # of the potential difference to the current is
|
|
|
847 # called the Hall resistance. Klaus von Klitzing
|
|
|
848 # discovered in 1980 that the Hall resistance varies
|
|
|
849 # in discrete jumps when the magnetic field is very
|
|
|
850 # large and the temperature very low. This enables
|
|
|
851 # accurate realization of the resistance h/e^2 in the
|
|
|
852 # lab. The value given here is the officially
|
|
|
853 # specified value for use beginning in 1990.
|
|
|
854
|
|
|
855 # Various conventional values
|
|
|
856
|
|
|
857 gravity 9.80665 m/s^2 # std acceleration of gravity (exact)
|
|
|
858 force gravity # use to turn masses into forces
|
|
|
859 atm 101325 Pa # Standard atmospheric pressure
|
|
|
860 atmosphere atm
|
|
|
861 Hg 13.5951 gram force / cm^3 # Standard weight of mercury (exact)
|
|
|
862 water gram force/cm^3 # Standard weight of water (exact)
|
|
|
863 waterdensity gram / cm^3 # Density of water
|
|
|
864 H2O water
|
|
|
865 wc water # water column
|
|
|
866 mach 331.46 m/s # speed of sound in dry air at STP
|
|
|
867 standardtemp 273.15 K # standard temperature
|
|
|
868 stdtemp standardtemp
|
|
|
869
|
|
|
870 # Weight of mercury and water at different temperatures using the standard
|
|
|
871 # force of gravity.
|
|
|
872
|
|
|
873 Hg10C 13.5708 force gram / cm^3 # These units, when used to form
|
|
|
874 Hg20C 13.5462 force gram / cm^3 # pressure measures, are not accurate
|
|
|
875 Hg23C 13.5386 force gram / cm^3 # because of considerations of the
|
|
|
876 Hg30C 13.5217 force gram / cm^3 # revised practical temperature scale.
|
|
|
877 Hg40C 13.4973 force gram / cm^3
|
|
|
878 Hg60F 13.5574 force gram / cm^3
|
|
|
879 H2O0C 0.99987 force gram / cm^3
|
|
|
880 H2O5C 0.99999 force gram / cm^3
|
|
|
881 H2O10C 0.99973 force gram / cm^3
|
|
|
882 H2O15C 0.99913 force gram / cm^3
|
|
|
883 H2O18C 0.99862 force gram / cm^3
|
|
|
884 H2O20C 0.99823 force gram / cm^3
|
|
|
885 H2O25C 0.99707 force gram / cm^3
|
|
|
886 H2O50C 0.98807 force gram / cm^3
|
|
|
887 H2O100C 0.95838 force gram / cm^3
|
|
|
888
|
|
|
889 # Atomic constants
|
|
|
890
|
|
|
891 Rinfinity 10973731.568527 /m # The wavelengths of a spectral series
|
|
|
892 R_H 10967760 /m # can be expressed as
|
|
|
893 # 1/lambda = R (1/m^2 - 1/n^2).
|
|
|
894 # where R is a number that various
|
|
|
895 # slightly from element to element.
|
|
|
896 # For hydrogen, R_H is the value,
|
|
|
897 # and for heavy elements, the value
|
|
|
898 # approaches Rinfinity, which can be
|
|
|
899 # computed from
|
|
|
900 # m_e c alpha^2 / 2 h
|
|
|
901 # with a loss of 5 digits
|
|
|
902 # of precision.
|
|
|
903 alpha 7.2973525376e-3 # The fine structure constant was
|
|
|
904 # introduced to explain fine
|
|
|
905 # structure visible in spectral
|
|
|
906 # lines. It can be computed from
|
|
|
907 # mu0 c e^2 / 2 h
|
|
|
908 # with a loss of 3 digits precision
|
|
|
909 # and loss of precision in derived
|
|
|
910 # values which use alpha.
|
|
|
911 bohrradius alpha / 4 pi Rinfinity
|
|
|
912 prout 185.5 keV # nuclear binding energy equal to 1|12
|
|
|
913 # binding energy of the deuteron
|
|
|
914 # Planck constants
|
|
|
915
|
|
|
916 planckmass 2.17644e-8 kg # sqrt(hbar c / G)
|
|
|
917 m_P planckmass
|
|
|
918 plancktime hbar / planckmass c^2
|
|
|
919 t_P plancktime
|
|
|
920 plancklength plancktime c
|
|
|
921 l_P plancklength
|
|
|
922
|
|
|
923 # Masses of elementary particles
|
|
|
924
|
|
|
925 electronmass 5.4857990943e-4 u
|
|
|
926 m_e electronmass
|
|
|
927 protonmass 1.00727646677 u
|
|
|
928 m_p protonmass
|
|
|
929 neutronmass 1.00866491597 u
|
|
|
930 m_n neutronmass
|
|
|
931 muonmass 0.1134289256 u
|
|
|
932 m_mu muonmass
|
|
|
933 deuteronmass 2.013553212724 u
|
|
|
934 m_d deuteronmass
|
|
|
935 alphaparticlemass 4.001506179127 u
|
|
|
936 m_alpha alphaparticlemass
|
|
|
937
|
|
|
938 # particle wavelengths: the compton wavelength of a particle is
|
|
|
939 # defined as h / m c where m is the mass of the particle.
|
|
|
940
|
|
|
941 electronwavelength h / m_e c
|
|
|
942 lambda_C electronwavelength
|
|
|
943 protonwavelength h / m_p c
|
|
|
944 lambda_C,p protonwavelength
|
|
|
945 neutronwavelength h / m_n c
|
|
|
946 lambda_C,n neutronwavelength
|
|
|
947
|
|
|
948 # Magnetic moments
|
|
|
949
|
|
|
950 bohrmagneton e hbar / 2 electronmass
|
|
|
951 mu_B bohrmagneton
|
|
|
952 nuclearmagneton e hbar / 2 protonmass
|
|
|
953 mu_N nuclearmagneton
|
|
|
954 mu_mu 4.49044786e-26 J/T # Muon magnetic moment
|
|
|
955 mu_p 1.410606662e-26 J/T # Proton magnetic moment
|
|
|
956 mu_e 928.476377e-26 J/T # Electron magnetic moment
|
|
|
957 mu_n 0.96623641e-26 J/T # Neutron magnetic moment
|
|
|
958 mu_d 0.433073465e-26 J/T # Deuteron magnetic moment
|
|
|
959
|
|
|
960 #
|
|
|
961 # Units derived from physical constants
|
|
|
962 #
|
|
|
963
|
|
|
964 kgf kg force
|
|
|
965 technicalatmosphere kgf / cm^2
|
|
|
966 at technicalatmosphere
|
|
|
967 hyl kgf s^2 / m # Also gram-force s^2/m according to [15]
|
|
|
968 mmHg mm Hg
|
|
|
969 torr mmHg # These units, both named after Evangelista
|
|
|
970 tor Pa # Torricelli, should not be confused.
|
|
|
971 # Acording to [15] the torr is actually
|
|
|
972 # atm/760 which is slightly different.
|
|
|
973 inHg inch Hg
|
|
|
974 inH2O inch water
|
|
|
975 mmH2O mm water
|
|
|
976 eV e V # Energy acquired by a particle with charge e
|
|
|
977 electronvolt eV # when it is accelerated through 1 V
|
|
|
978 lightyear c julianyear # The 365.25 day year is specified in
|
|
|
979 ly lightyear # NIST publication 811
|
|
|
980 lightsecond c s
|
|
|
981 lightminute c min
|
|
|
982 parsec au / tan(arcsec) # Unit of length equal to distance
|
|
|
983 pc parsec # from the sun to a point having
|
|
|
984 # heliocentric parallax of 1
|
|
|
985 # arcsec (derived from parallax
|
|
|
986 # second). A distant object with
|
|
|
987 # paralax theta will be about
|
|
|
988 # (arcsec/theta) parsecs from the
|
|
|
989 # sun (using the approximation
|
|
|
990 # that tan(theta) = theta).
|
|
|
991 rydberg h c Rinfinity # Rydberg energy
|
|
|
992 crith 0.089885 gram # The crith is the mass of one
|
|
|
993 # liter of hydrogen at standard
|
|
|
994 # temperature and pressure.
|
|
|
995 amagatvolume molarvolume
|
|
|
996 amagat mol/amagatvolume # Used to measure gas densities
|
|
|
997 lorentz bohrmagneton / h c # Used to measure the extent
|
|
|
998 # that the frequency of light
|
|
|
999 # is shifted by a magnetic field.
|
|
|
1000 cminv h c / cm # Unit of energy used in infrared
|
|
|
1001 invcm cminv # spectroscopy.
|
|
|
1002 wavenumber cminv
|
|
|
1003 kcal_mol kcal_th / mol N_A # kcal/mol is used as a unit of
|
|
|
1004 # energy by physical chemists.
|
|
|
1005 #
|
|
|
1006 # CGS system based on centimeter, gram and second
|
|
|
1007 #
|
|
|
1008
|
|
|
1009 dyne cm gram / s^2 # force
|
|
|
1010 dyn dyne
|
|
|
1011 erg cm dyne # energy
|
|
|
1012 poise gram / cm s # viscosity, honors Jean Poiseuille
|
|
|
1013 P poise
|
|
|
1014 rhe /poise # reciprocal viscosity
|
|
|
1015 stokes cm^2 / s # kinematic viscosity
|
|
|
1016 St stokes
|
|
|
1017 stoke stokes
|
|
|
1018 lentor stokes # old name
|
|
|
1019 Gal cm / s^2 # acceleration, used in geophysics
|
|
|
1020 galileo Gal # for earth's gravitational field
|
|
|
1021 # (note that "gal" is for gallon
|
|
|
1022 # but "Gal" is the standard symbol
|
|
|
1023 # for the gal which is evidently a
|
|
|
1024 # shortened form of "galileo".)
|
|
|
1025 barye dyne/cm^2 # pressure
|
|
|
1026 barad barye # old name
|
|
|
1027 kayser 1/cm # Proposed as a unit for wavenumber
|
|
|
1028 balmer kayser # Even less common name than "kayser"
|
|
|
1029 kine cm/s # velocity
|
|
|
1030 bole g cm / s # momentum
|
|
|
1031 pond gram force
|
|
|
1032 glug gram force s^2 / cm # Mass which is accelerated at
|
|
|
1033 # 1 cm/s^2 by 1 gram force
|
|
|
1034 darcy centipoise cm^2 / s atm # Measures permeability to fluid flow.
|
|
|
1035
|
|
|
1036 # One darcy is the permeability of a
|
|
|
1037 # medium that allows a flow of cc/s
|
|
|
1038 # of a liquid of centipoise viscosity
|
|
|
1039 # under a pressure gradient of
|
|
|
1040 # atm/cm. Named for H. Darcy.
|
|
|
1041
|
|
|
1042 mohm cm / dyn s # mobile ohm, measure of mechanical
|
|
|
1043 mobileohm mohm # mobility
|
|
|
1044 mechanicalohm dyn s / cm # mechanical resistance
|
|
|
1045 acousticalohm dyn s / cm^5 # ratio of the sound pressure of
|
|
|
1046 # 1 dyn/cm^2 to a source of strength
|
|
|
1047 # 1 cm^3/s
|
|
|
1048 ray acousticalohm
|
|
|
1049 rayl dyn s / cm^3 # Specific acoustical resistance
|
|
|
1050 eotvos 1e-9 Gal/cm # Change in gravitational acceleration
|
|
|
1051 # over horizontal distance
|
|
|
1052
|
|
|
1053 # Electromagnetic units derived from the abampere
|
|
|
1054
|
|
|
1055 abampere 10 A # Current which produces a force of
|
|
|
1056 abamp abampere # 2 dyne/cm between two infinitely
|
|
|
1057 aA abampere # long wires that are 1 cm apart
|
|
|
1058 biot aA # alternative name for abamp
|
|
|
1059 Bi biot
|
|
|
1060 abcoulomb abamp sec
|
|
|
1061 abcoul abcoulomb
|
|
|
1062 abfarad abampere sec / abvolt
|
|
|
1063 abhenry abvolt sec / abamp
|
|
|
1064 abvolt dyne cm / abamp sec
|
|
|
1065 abohm abvolt / abamp
|
|
|
1066 abmho /abohm
|
|
|
1067 gauss abvolt sec / cm^2
|
|
|
1068 Gs gauss
|
|
|
1069 maxwell abvolt sec # Also called the "line"
|
|
|
1070 Mx maxwell
|
|
|
1071 oersted gauss / mu0
|
|
|
1072 Oe oersted
|
|
|
1073 gilbert gauss cm / mu0
|
|
|
1074 Gb gilbert
|
|
|
1075 Gi gilbert
|
|
|
1076 unitpole 4 pi maxwell
|
|
|
1077 emu erg/gauss # "electro-magnetic unit", a measure of
|
|
|
1078 # magnetic moment, often used as emu/cm^3
|
|
|
1079 # to specify magnetic moment density.
|
|
|
1080
|
|
|
1081 # Gaussian system: electromagnetic units derived from statampere.
|
|
|
1082 #
|
|
|
1083 # Note that the Gaussian units are often used in such a way that Coulomb's law
|
|
|
1084 # has the form F= q1 * q2 / r^2. The constant 1|4*pi*epsilon0 is incorporated
|
|
|
1085 # into the units. From this, we can get the relation force=charge^2/dist^2.
|
|
|
1086 # This means that the simplification esu^2 = dyne cm^2 can be used to simplify
|
|
|
1087 # units in the Gaussian system, with the curious result that capacitance can be
|
|
|
1088 # measured in cm, resistance in sec/cm, and inductance in sec^2/cm. These
|
|
|
1089 # units are given the names statfarad, statohm and stathenry below.
|
|
|
1090
|
|
|
1091 statampere 10 A cm / s c
|
|
|
1092 statamp statampere
|
|
|
1093 statvolt dyne cm / statamp sec
|
|
|
1094 statcoulomb statamp s
|
|
|
1095 esu statcoulomb
|
|
|
1096 statcoul statcoulomb
|
|
|
1097 statfarad statamp sec / statvolt
|
|
|
1098 cmcapacitance statfarad
|
|
|
1099 stathenry statvolt sec / statamp
|
|
|
1100 statohm statvolt / statamp
|
|
|
1101 statmho /statohm
|
|
|
1102 statmaxwell statvolt sec
|
|
|
1103 franklin statcoulomb
|
|
|
1104 debye 1e-18 statcoul cm # unit of electrical dipole moment
|
|
|
1105 helmholtz debye/angstrom^2 # Dipole moment per area
|
|
|
1106 jar 1000 statfarad # approx capacitance of Leyden jar
|
|
|
1107
|
|
|
1108 #
|
|
|
1109 # Some historical eletromagnetic units
|
|
|
1110 #
|
|
|
1111
|
|
|
1112 intampere 0.999835 A # Defined as the current which in one
|
|
|
1113 intamp intampere # second deposits .001118 gram of
|
|
|
1114 # silver from an aqueous solution of
|
|
|
1115 # silver nitrate.
|
|
|
1116 intfarad 0.999505 F
|
|
|
1117 intvolt 1.00033 V
|
|
|
1118 intohm 1.000495 ohm # Defined as the resistance of a
|
|
|
1119 # uniform column of mercury containing
|
|
|
1120 # 14.4521 gram in a column 1.063 m
|
|
|
1121 # long and maintained at 0 degC.
|
|
|
1122 daniell 1.042 V # Meant to be electromotive force of a
|
|
|
1123 # Daniell cell, but in error by .04 V
|
|
|
1124 faraday N_A e mol # Charge that must flow to deposit or
|
|
|
1125 faraday_phys 96521.9 C # liberate one gram equivalent of any
|
|
|
1126 faraday_chem 96495.7 C # element. (The chemical and physical
|
|
|
1127 # values are off slightly from what is
|
|
|
1128 # obtained by multiplying by amu_chem
|
|
|
1129 # or amu_phys. These values are from
|
|
|
1130 # a 1991 NIST publication.) Note that
|
|
|
1131 # there is a Faraday constant which is
|
|
|
1132 # equal to N_A e and hence has units of
|
|
|
1133 # C/mol.
|
|
|
1134 kappline 6000 maxwell # Named by and for Gisbert Kapp
|
|
|
1135 siemensunit 0.9534 ohm # Resistance of a meter long column of
|
|
|
1136 # mercury with a 1 mm cross section.
|
|
|
1137
|
|
|
1138 #
|
|
|
1139 # Photometric units
|
|
|
1140 #
|
|
|
1141
|
|
|
1142 LUMINOUS_INTENSITY candela
|
|
|
1143 LUMINOUS_FLUX lumen
|
|
|
1144 LUMINOUS_ENERGY talbot
|
|
|
1145 ILLUMINANCE lux
|
|
|
1146 EXITANCE lux
|
|
|
1147
|
|
|
1148 candle 1.02 candela # Standard unit for luminous intensity
|
|
|
1149 hefnerunit 0.9 candle # in use before candela
|
|
|
1150 hefnercandle hefnerunit #
|
|
|
1151 violle 20.17 cd # luminous intensity of 1 cm^2 of
|
|
|
1152 # platinum at its temperature of
|
|
|
1153 # solidification (2045 K)
|
|
|
1154
|
|
|
1155 lumen cd sr # Luminous flux (luminous energy per
|
|
|
1156 lm lumen # time unit)
|
|
|
1157
|
|
|
1158 talbot lumen s # Luminous energy
|
|
|
1159 lumberg talbot # References give these values for
|
|
|
1160 lumerg talbot # lumerg and lumberg both. Note that
|
|
|
1161 # a paper from 1948 suggests that
|
|
|
1162 # lumerg should be 1e-7 talbots so
|
|
|
1163 # that lumergs/erg = talbots/joule.
|
|
|
1164 # lumerg = luminous erg
|
|
|
1165 lux lm/m^2 # Illuminance or exitance (luminous
|
|
|
1166 lx lux # flux incident on or coming from
|
|
|
1167 phot lumen / cm^2 # a surface)
|
|
|
1168 ph phot #
|
|
|
1169 footcandle lumen/ft^2 # Illuminance from a 1 candela source
|
|
|
1170 # at a distance of one foot
|
|
|
1171 metercandle lumen/m^2 # Illuminance from a 1 candela source
|
|
|
1172 # at a distance of one meter
|
|
|
1173
|
|
|
1174 mcs metercandle s # luminous energy per area, used to
|
|
|
1175 # measure photographic exposure
|
|
|
1176
|
|
|
1177 nox 1e-3 lux # These two units were proposed for
|
|
|
1178 skot 1e-3 apostilb # measurements relating to dark adapted
|
|
|
1179 # eyes.
|
|
|
1180 # Luminance measures
|
|
|
1181
|
|
|
1182 LUMINANCE nit
|
|
|
1183
|
|
|
1184 nit cd/m^2 # Luminance: the intensity per projected
|
|
|
1185 stilb cd / cm^2 # area of an extended luminous source.
|
|
|
1186 sb stilb # (nit is from latin nitere = to shine.)
|
|
|
1187
|
|
|
1188 apostilb cd/pi m^2
|
|
|
1189 asb apostilb
|
|
|
1190 blondel apostilb # Named after a French scientist.
|
|
|
1191
|
|
|
1192 # Equivalent luminance measures. These units are units which measure
|
|
|
1193 # the luminance of a surface with a specified exitance which obeys
|
|
|
1194 # Lambert's law. (Lambert's law specifies that luminous intensity of
|
|
|
1195 # a perfectly diffuse luminous surface is proportional to the cosine
|
|
|
1196 # of the angle at which you view the luminous surface.)
|
|
|
1197
|
|
|
1198 equivalentlux cd / pi m^2 # luminance of a 1 lux surface
|
|
|
1199 equivalentphot cd / pi cm^2 # luminance of a 1 phot surface
|
|
|
1200 lambert cd / pi cm^2
|
|
|
1201 footlambert cd / pi ft^2
|
|
|
1202
|
|
|
1203 # The bril is used to express "brilliance" of a source of light on a
|
|
|
1204 # logarithmic scale to correspond to subjective perception. An increase of 1
|
|
|
1205 # bril means doubling the luminance. A luminance of 1 lambert is defined to
|
|
|
1206 # have a brilliance of 1 bril.
|
|
|
1207
|
|
|
1208 bril(x) [;lambert] 2^(x+-100) lamberts ;log2(bril/lambert)+100
|
|
|
1209
|
|
|
1210 # Some luminance data from the IES Lighting Handbook, 8th ed, 1993
|
|
|
1211
|
|
|
1212 sunlum 1.6e9 cd/m^2 # at zenith
|
|
|
1213 sunillum 100e3 lux # clear sky
|
|
|
1214 sunillum_o 10e3 lux # overcast sky
|
|
|
1215 sunlum_h 6e6 cd/m^2 # value at horizon
|
|
|
1216 skylum 8000 cd/m^2 # average, clear sky
|
|
|
1217 skylum_o 2000 cd/m^2 # average, overcast sky
|
|
|
1218 moonlum 2500 cd/m^2
|
|
|
1219
|
|
|
1220 # Photographic Exposure Value
|
|
|
1221 #
|
|
|
1222 # The Additive Photographic EXposure (APEX) system developed in Germany in
|
|
|
1223 # the 1960s was an attempt to simplify exposure determination for people
|
|
|
1224 # who relied on exposure tables rather than exposure meters. Shortly
|
|
|
1225 # thereafter, nearly all cameras incorporated exposure meters, so the APEX
|
|
|
1226 # system never caught on, but the concept of Exposure Value (EV) given by
|
|
|
1227 #
|
|
|
1228 # A^2 LS ES
|
|
|
1229 # 2^EV = --- = -- = --
|
|
|
1230 # T K C
|
|
|
1231 #
|
|
|
1232 # Where
|
|
|
1233 # A = Relative aperture (f-number)
|
|
|
1234 # T = Shutter time in seconds
|
|
|
1235 # L = Scene luminance in cd/m2
|
|
|
1236 # E = Scene illuminance in lux
|
|
|
1237 # S = Arithmetic ISO film speed
|
|
|
1238 # K = Reflected-light meter calibration constant
|
|
|
1239 # C = Incident-light meter calibration constant
|
|
|
1240 #
|
|
|
1241 # remains in use. Strictly speaking, an Exposure Value is a combination
|
|
|
1242 # of aperture and shutter time, but it's also commonly used to indicate
|
|
|
1243 # luminance (or illuminance). Conversion to luminance or illuminance
|
|
|
1244 # units depends on the ISO film speed and the meter calibration constant.
|
|
|
1245 # Common practice is to use an ISO film speed of 100 (because film speeds
|
|
|
1246 # are in even 1/3-step increments, the exact value is 64 * 2^(2|3)).
|
|
|
1247 # Calibration constants vary among camera and meter manufacturers: Canon,
|
|
|
1248 # Nikon, and Sekonic use a value of 12.5 for reflected-light meters, while
|
|
|
1249 # Minolta and Pentax use a value of 14. Minolta and Sekonic use a value
|
|
|
1250 # of 250 for incident-light meters with flat receptors.
|
|
|
1251
|
|
|
1252 s100 64 * 2^(2|3) / lx s # exact speed for ISO 100 film
|
|
|
1253
|
|
|
1254 # Reflected-light meter calibration constant with ISO 100 film
|
|
|
1255
|
|
|
1256 k1250 12.5 (cd/m2) / lx s # For Canon, Nikon, and Sekonic
|
|
|
1257 k1400 14 (cd/m2) / lx s # For Minolta and Pentax
|
|
|
1258
|
|
|
1259 # Incident-light meter calibration constant with ISO 100 film
|
|
|
1260
|
|
|
1261 c250 250 lx / lx s # flat-disc receptor
|
|
|
1262
|
|
|
1263 # Exposure value to scene luminance with ISO 100 film
|
|
|
1264
|
|
|
1265 # For Minolta or Pentax
|
|
|
1266 #ev100(x) [;cd/m^2] 2^x k1400 / s100; log2(ev100 s100 / k1400)
|
|
|
1267 # For Canon, Nikon or Sekonic
|
|
|
1268 ev100(x) [;cd/m^2] 2^x k1250 / s100; log2(ev100 s100 / k1250)
|
|
|
1269
|
|
|
1270 # Exposure value to scene illuminance with ISO 100 film
|
|
|
1271
|
|
|
1272 iv100(x) [1;lx] 2^x c250 / s100; log2(iv100 s100 / c250)
|
|
|
1273
|
|
|
1274 #
|
|
|
1275 # Astronomical time measurements
|
|
|
1276 #
|
|
|
1277 # Astronmical time measurement is a complicated matter. The length of the true
|
|
|
1278 # day at a given place can be 21 seconds less than 24 hours or 30 seconds over
|
|
|
1279 # 24 hours. The two main reasons for this are the varying speed of the earth
|
|
|
1280 # in its elliptical orbit and the fact that the sun moves on the ecliptic
|
|
|
1281 # instead of along the celestial equator. To devise a workable system for time
|
|
|
1282 # measurement, Simon Newcomb (1835-1909) used a fictitious "mean sun".
|
|
|
1283 # Consider a first fictitious sun traveling along the ecliptic at a constant
|
|
|
1284 # speed and coinciding with the true sun at perigee and apogee. Then
|
|
|
1285 # considering a second fictitious sun traveling along the celestial equator at
|
|
|
1286 # a constant speed and coinciding with the first fictitious sun at the
|
|
|
1287 # equinoxes. The second fictitious sun is the "mean sun". From this equations
|
|
|
1288 # can be written out to determine the length of the mean day, and the tropical
|
|
|
1289 # year. The length of the second was determined based on the tropical year
|
|
|
1290 # from such a calculation and was officially used from 1960-1967 until atomic
|
|
|
1291 # clocks replaced astronomical measurements for a standard of time. All of the
|
|
|
1292 # values below give the mean time for the specified interval.
|
|
|
1293 #
|
|
|
1294 # See "Mathematical Astronomy Morsels" by Jean Meeus for more details
|
|
|
1295 # and a description of how to compute the correction to mean time.
|
|
|
1296 #
|
|
|
1297
|
|
|
1298 TIME second
|
|
|
1299
|
|
|
1300 anomalisticyear 365.2596 days # The time between successive
|
|
|
1301 # perihelion passages of the
|
|
|
1302 # earth.
|
|
|
1303 siderealyear 365.256360417 day # The time for the earth to make
|
|
|
1304 # one revolution around the sun
|
|
|
1305 # relative to the stars.
|
|
|
1306 tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The time needed for the mean sun
|
|
|
1307 # as defined above to increase
|
|
|
1308 # its longitude by 360 degrees.
|
|
|
1309 # Most references defined the
|
|
|
1310 # tropical year as the interval
|
|
|
1311 # between vernal equinoxes, but
|
|
|
1312 # this is misleading. The length
|
|
|
1313 # of the season changes over time
|
|
|
1314 # because of the eccentricity of
|
|
|
1315 # the earth's orbit. The time
|
|
|
1316 # between vernal equinoxes is
|
|
|
1317 # approximately 365.24237 days
|
|
|
1318 # around the year 2000. See
|
|
|
1319 # "Mathematical Astronomy
|
|
|
1320 # Morsels" for more details.
|
|
|
1321 eclipseyear 346.62 days # The line of nodes is the
|
|
|
1322 # intersection of the plane of
|
|
|
1323 # Earth's orbit around the sun
|
|
|
1324 # with the plane of the moon's
|
|
|
1325 # orbit around earth. Eclipses
|
|
|
1326 # can only occur when the moon
|
|
|
1327 # and sun are close to this
|
|
|
1328 # line. The line rotates and
|
|
|
1329 # appearances of the sun on the
|
|
|
1330 # line of nodes occur every
|
|
|
1331 # eclipse year.
|
|
|
1332 saros 223 synodicmonth # The earth, moon and sun appear in
|
|
|
1333 # the same arrangement every
|
|
|
1334 # saros, so if an eclipse occurs,
|
|
|
1335 # then one saros later, a similar
|
|
|
1336 # eclipse will occur. (The saros
|
|
|
1337 # is close to 19 eclipse years.)
|
|
|
1338 # The eclipse will occur about
|
|
|
1339 # 120 degrees west of the
|
|
|
1340 # preceeding one because the
|
|
|
1341 # saros is not an even number of
|
|
|
1342 # days. After 3 saros, an
|
|
|
1343 # eclipse will occur at
|
|
|
1344 # approximately the same place.
|
|
|
1345 siderealday 86164.09054 s # The sidereal day is the interval
|
|
|
1346 siderealhour 1|24 siderealday # between two successive transits
|
|
|
1347 siderealminute 1|60 siderealhour # of a star over the meridian,
|
|
|
1348 siderealsecond 1|60 siderealminute # or the time required for the
|
|
|
1349 # earth to make one rotation
|
|
|
1350 # relative to the stars. The
|
|
|
1351 # more usual solar day is the
|
|
|
1352 # time required to make a
|
|
|
1353 # rotation relative to the sun.
|
|
|
1354 # Because the earth moves in its
|
|
|
1355 # orbit, it has to turn a bit
|
|
|
1356 # extra to face the sun again,
|
|
|
1357 # hence the solar day is slightly
|
|
|
1358 # longer.
|
|
|
1359 anomalisticmonth 27.55454977 day # Time for the moon to travel from
|
|
|
1360 # perigee to perigee
|
|
|
1361 nodicalmonth 27.2122199 day # The nodes are the points where
|
|
|
1362 draconicmonth nodicalmonth # an orbit crosses the ecliptic.
|
|
|
1363 draconiticmonth nodicalmonth # This is the time required to
|
|
|
1364 # travel from the ascending node
|
|
|
1365 # to the next ascending node.
|
|
|
1366 siderealmonth 27.321661 day # Time required for the moon to
|
|
|
1367 # orbit the earth
|
|
|
1368 lunarmonth 29 days + 12 hours + 44 minutes + 2.8 seconds
|
|
|
1369 # Mean time between full moons.
|
|
|
1370 synodicmonth lunarmonth # Full moons occur when the sun
|
|
|
1371 lunation synodicmonth # and moon are on opposite sides
|
|
|
1372 lune 1|30 lunation # of the earth. Since the earth
|
|
|
1373 lunour 1|24 lune # moves around the sun, the moon
|
|
|
1374 # has to revolve a bit extra to
|
|
|
1375 # get into the full moon
|
|
|
1376 # configuration.
|
|
|
1377 year tropicalyear
|
|
|
1378 yr year
|
|
|
1379 month 1|12 year
|
|
|
1380 mo month
|
|
|
1381 lustrum 5 years # The Lustrum was a Roman
|
|
|
1382 # purification ceremony that took
|
|
|
1383 # place every five years.
|
|
|
1384 # Classically educated Englishmen
|
|
|
1385 # used this term.
|
|
|
1386 decade 10 years
|
|
|
1387 century 100 years
|
|
|
1388 millennium 1000 years
|
|
|
1389 millennia millennium
|
|
|
1390 solaryear year
|
|
|
1391 lunaryear 12 lunarmonth
|
|
|
1392 calendaryear 365 day
|
|
|
1393 commonyear 365 day
|
|
|
1394 leapyear 366 day
|
|
|
1395 julianyear 365.25 day
|
|
|
1396 gregorianyear 365.2425 day
|
|
|
1397 islamicyear 354 day # A year of 12 lunar months. They
|
|
|
1398 islamicleapyear 355 day # began counting on July 16, AD 622
|
|
|
1399 # when Muhammad emigrated to Medina
|
|
|
1400 # (the year of the Hegira). They need
|
|
|
1401 # 11 leap days in 30 years to stay in
|
|
|
1402 # sync with the lunar year which is a
|
|
|
1403 # bit longer than the 29.5 days of the
|
|
|
1404 # average month. The months do not
|
|
|
1405 # keep to the same seasons, but
|
|
|
1406 # regress through the seasons every
|
|
|
1407 # 32.5 years.
|
|
|
1408 islamicmonth 1|12 islamicyear # They have 29 day and 30 day months.
|
|
|
1409
|
|
|
1410 # The Hewbrew year is also based on lunar months, but synchronized to the solar
|
|
|
1411 # calendar. The months vary irregularly between 29 and 30 days in length, and
|
|
|
1412 # the years likewise vary. The regular year is 353, 354, or 355 days long. To
|
|
|
1413 # keep up with the solar calendar, a leap month of 30 days is inserted every
|
|
|
1414 # 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years of a 19 year cycle. This
|
|
|
1415 # gives leap years that last 383, 384, or 385 days.
|
|
|
1416
|
|
|
1417
|
|
|
1418 # Sidereal days
|
|
|
1419
|
|
|
1420 mercuryday 58.6462 day
|
|
|
1421 venusday 243.01 day # retrograde
|
|
|
1422 earthday siderealday
|
|
|
1423 marsday 1.02595675 day
|
|
|
1424 jupiterday 0.41354 day
|
|
|
1425 saturnday 0.4375 day
|
|
|
1426 uranusday 0.65 day # retrograde
|
|
|
1427 neptuneday 0.768 day
|
|
|
1428 plutoday 6.3867 day
|
|
|
1429
|
|
|
1430 # Sidereal years from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/phys_props_planets.html. Data
|
|
|
1431 # was updated in May 2001 based on the 1992 Explanatory Supplement to the
|
|
|
1432 # Astronomical Almanac and the mean longitude rates. Apparently the table of
|
|
|
1433 # years in that reference is incorrect.
|
|
|
1434
|
|
|
1435 mercuryyear 0.2408467 julianyear
|
|
|
1436 venusyear 0.61519726 julianyear
|
|
|
1437 earthyear siderealyear
|
|
|
1438 marsyear 1.8808476 julianyear
|
|
|
1439 jupiteryear 11.862615 julianyear
|
|
|
1440 saturnyear 29.447498 julianyear
|
|
|
1441 uranusyear 84.016846 julianyear
|
|
|
1442 neptuneyear 164.79132 julianyear
|
|
|
1443 plutoyear 247.92065 julianyear
|
|
|
1444
|
|
|
1445 # Objects on the earth are charted relative to a perfect ellipsoid whose
|
|
|
1446 # dimensions are specified by different organizations. The ellipsoid is
|
|
|
1447 # specified by an equatorial radius and a flattening value which defines the
|
|
|
1448 # polar radius. These values are the 1996 values given by the International
|
|
|
1449 # Earth Rotation Service (IERS) whose reference documents can be found at
|
|
|
1450 # http://maia.usno.navy.mil/
|
|
|
1451
|
|
|
1452 earthflattening 1|298.25642
|
|
|
1453 earthradius_equatorial 6378136.49 m
|
|
|
1454 earthradius_polar (-earthflattening+1) earthradius_equatorial
|
|
|
1455
|
|
|
1456 landarea 148.847e6 km^2
|
|
|
1457 oceanarea 361.254e6 km^2
|
|
|
1458
|
|
|
1459 moonradius 1738 km # mean value
|
|
|
1460 sunradius 6.96e8 m
|
|
|
1461
|
|
|
1462 # Many astronomical values can be measured most accurately in a system of units
|
|
|
1463 # using the astronomical unit and the mass of the sun as base units. The
|
|
|
1464 # uncertainty in the gravitational constant makes conversion to SI units
|
|
|
1465 # significantly less accurate.
|
|
|
1466
|
|
|
1467 # The astronomical unit was defined to be the length of the of the semimajor
|
|
|
1468 # axis of a massless object with the same year as the earth. With such a
|
|
|
1469 # definition in force, and with the mass of the sun set equal to one, Kepler's
|
|
|
1470 # third law can be used to solve for the value of the gravitational constant.
|
|
|
1471
|
|
|
1472 # Kepler's third law says that (2 pi / T)^2 a^3 = G M where T is the orbital
|
|
|
1473 # period, a is the size of the semimajor axis, G is the gravitational constant
|
|
|
1474 # and M is the mass. With M = 1 and T and a chosen for the earth's orbit, we
|
|
|
1475 # find sqrt(G) = (2 pi / T) sqrt(AU^3). This constant is called the Gaussian
|
|
|
1476 # gravitational constant, apparently because Gauss originally did the
|
|
|
1477 # calculations. However, when the original calculation was done, the value
|
|
|
1478 # for the length of the earth's year was inaccurate. The value used is called
|
|
|
1479 # the Gaussian year. Changing the astronomical unit to bring it into
|
|
|
1480 # agreement with more accurate values for the year would have invalidated a
|
|
|
1481 # lot of previous work, so instead the astronomical unit has been kept equal
|
|
|
1482 # to this original value. This is accomplished by using a standard value for
|
|
|
1483 # the Gaussian gravitational constant. This constant is called k.
|
|
|
1484 # Many values below are from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?constants
|
|
|
1485
|
|
|
1486 gauss_k 0.01720209895 # This beast has dimensions of
|
|
|
1487 # au^(3|2) / day and is exact.
|
|
|
1488 gaussianyear (2 pi / gauss_k) days # Year that corresponds to the Gaussian
|
|
|
1489 # gravitational constant. This is a
|
|
|
1490 # fictional year, and doesn't
|
|
|
1491 # correspond to any celestial event.
|
|
|
1492 astronomicalunit 499.004783806 light second # Value from the DE-405
|
|
|
1493 au astronomicalunit # ephemeris for the above described
|
|
|
1494 # astronomical unit. (See the NASA
|
|
|
1495 # site listed above.)
|
|
|
1496 solarmass 1.9891e30 kg
|
|
|
1497 sunmass solarmass
|
|
|
1498
|
|
|
1499
|
|
|
1500 sundist 1.0000010178 au # mean earth-sun distance
|
|
|
1501 moondist 3.844e8 m # mean earth-moon distance
|
|
|
1502 sundist_near 1.471e11 m # earth-sun distance at perihelion
|
|
|
1503 sundist_far 1.521e11 m # earth-sun distance at aphelion
|
|
|
1504
|
|
|
1505 # The following are masses for planetary systems, not just the planet itself.
|
|
|
1506 # The comments give the uncertainty in the denominators. As noted above,
|
|
|
1507 # masses are given relative to the solarmass because this is more accurate.
|
|
|
1508 # The conversion to SI is uncertain because of uncertainty in G, the
|
|
|
1509 # gravitational constant.
|
|
|
1510 #
|
|
|
1511 # Values are from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/astro_constants.html
|
|
|
1512
|
|
|
1513 mercurymass solarmass / 6023600 # 250
|
|
|
1514 venusmass solarmass / 408523.71 # 0.06
|
|
|
1515 earthmoonmass solarmass / 328900.56 # 0.02
|
|
|
1516 marsmass solarmass / 3098708 # 9
|
|
|
1517 jupitermass solarmass / 1047.3486 # 0.0008
|
|
|
1518 saturnmass solarmass / 3497.898 # 0.018
|
|
|
1519 uranusmass solarmass / 22902.98 # 0.03
|
|
|
1520 neptunemass solarmass / 19412.24 # 0.04
|
|
|
1521 plutomass solarmass / 1.35e8 # 0.07e8
|
|
|
1522
|
|
|
1523 moonearthmassratio 0.012300034 # uncertainty 3 x 10-9
|
|
|
1524 earthmass earthmoonmass / ( 1 + moonearthmassratio)
|
|
|
1525 moonmass moonearthmassratio earthmass
|
|
|
1526
|
|
|
1527 # These are the old values for the planetary masses. They may give
|
|
|
1528 # the masses of the planets alone.
|
|
|
1529
|
|
|
1530 oldmercurymass 0.33022e24 kg
|
|
|
1531 oldvenusmass 4.8690e24 kg
|
|
|
1532 oldmarsmass 0.64191e24 kg
|
|
|
1533 oldjupitermass 1898.8e24 kg
|
|
|
1534 oldsaturnmass 568.5e24 kg
|
|
|
1535 olduranusmass 86.625e24 kg
|
|
|
1536 oldneptunemass 102.78e24 kg
|
|
|
1537 oldplutomass 0.015e24 kg
|
|
|
1538
|
|
|
1539 # Mean radius from http://ssd.jpl.nsaa.gov/phys_props_planets.html which in
|
|
|
1540 # turn cites Global Earth Physics by CF Yoder, 1995.
|
|
|
1541
|
|
|
1542 mercuryradius 2440 km
|
|
|
1543 venusradius 6051.84 km
|
|
|
1544 earthradius 6371.01 km
|
|
|
1545 marsradius 3389.92 km
|
|
|
1546 jupiterradius 69911 km
|
|
|
1547 saturnradius 58232 km
|
|
|
1548 uranusradius 25362 km
|
|
|
1549 neptuneradius 24624 km
|
|
|
1550 plutoradius 1151 km
|
|
|
1551
|
|
|
1552 moongravity 1.62 m/s^2
|
|
|
1553
|
|
|
1554 #
|
|
|
1555 # The Hartree system of atomic units, derived from fundamental units
|
|
|
1556 # of mass (of electron), action (planck's constant), charge, and
|
|
|
1557 # the coulomb constant.
|
|
|
1558
|
|
|
1559 # Fundamental units
|
|
|
1560
|
|
|
1561 atomicmass electronmass
|
|
|
1562 atomiccharge e
|
|
|
1563 atomicaction hbar
|
|
|
1564
|
|
|
1565 # derived units (Warning: accuracy is lost from deriving them this way)
|
|
|
1566
|
|
|
1567 atomiclength bohrradius
|
|
|
1568 atomictime hbar^3/coulombconst^2 atomicmass e^4 # Period of first
|
|
|
1569 # bohr orbit
|
|
|
1570 atomicvelocity atomiclength / atomictime
|
|
|
1571 atomicenergy hbar / atomictime
|
|
|
1572 hartree atomicenergy
|
|
|
1573 Hartree hartree
|
|
|
1574
|
|
|
1575 #
|
|
|
1576 # These thermal units treat entropy as charge, from [5]
|
|
|
1577 #
|
|
|
1578
|
|
|
1579 thermalcoulomb J/K # entropy
|
|
|
1580 thermalampere W/K # entropy flow
|
|
|
1581 thermalfarad J/K^2
|
|
|
1582 thermalohm K^2/W # thermal resistance
|
|
|
1583 fourier thermalohm
|
|
|
1584 thermalhenry J K^2/W^2 # thermal inductance
|
|
|
1585 thermalvolt K # thermal potential difference
|
|
|
1586
|
|
|
1587
|
|
|
1588 #
|
|
|
1589 # United States units
|
|
|
1590 #
|
|
|
1591
|
|
|
1592 # linear measure
|
|
|
1593
|
|
|
1594 # The US Metric Law of 1866 legalized the metric system in the USA and defined
|
|
|
1595 # the meter in terms of the British system with the exact 1 meter = 39.37
|
|
|
1596 # inches. On April 5, 1893 Corwin Mendenhall decided, in what has become known
|
|
|
1597 # as the "Mendenhall Order" that the meter and kilogram would be the
|
|
|
1598 # fundamental standards in the USA. The definition from 1866 was turned around
|
|
|
1599 # to give an exact definition of the foot as 1200|3937 meters. This definition
|
|
|
1600 # was used until July of 1959 when the definition was changed to bring the US
|
|
|
1601 # into agreement with other countries. Since 1959, the foot has been exactly
|
|
|
1602 # 0.3048 meters. At the same time it was decided that any data expressed in
|
|
|
1603 # feet derived from geodetic surveys within the US would continue to use the
|
|
|
1604 # old definition and call the old unit the "survey foot".
|
|
|
1605
|
|
|
1606 US 1200|3937 m/ft # These four values will convert
|
|
|
1607 US- US # international measures to
|
|
|
1608 survey- US # US Survey measures
|
|
|
1609 geodetic- US
|
|
|
1610 int 3937|1200 ft/m # Convert US Survey measures to
|
|
|
1611 int- int # international measures
|
|
|
1612
|
|
|
1613 inch 2.54 cm
|
|
|
1614 in inch
|
|
|
1615 foot 12 inch
|
|
|
1616 feet foot
|
|
|
1617 ft foot
|
|
|
1618 yard 3 ft
|
|
|
1619 yd yard
|
|
|
1620 mile 5280 ft # The mile was enlarged from 5000 ft
|
|
|
1621 # to this number in order to make
|
|
|
1622 # it an even number of furlongs.
|
|
|
1623 # (The Roman mile is 5000 romanfeet.)
|
|
|
1624 line 1|12 inch # Also defined as '.1 in' or as '1e-8 Wb'
|
|
|
1625 rod 5.5 yard
|
|
|
1626 perch rod
|
|
|
1627 furlong 40 rod # From "furrow long"
|
|
|
1628 statutemile mile
|
|
|
1629 league 3 mile # Intended to be an an hour's walk
|
|
|
1630
|
|
|
1631 # surveyor's measure
|
|
|
1632
|
|
|
1633 surveyorschain 66 surveyft
|
|
|
1634 surveychain surveyorschain
|
|
|
1635 surveyorspole 1|4 surveyorschain
|
|
|
1636 surveyorslink 1|100 surveyorschain
|
|
|
1637 chain 66 ft
|
|
|
1638 link 1|100 chain
|
|
|
1639 ch chain
|
|
|
1640 usacre 10 surveychain^2
|
|
|
1641 intacre 10 chain^2 # Acre based on international ft
|
|
|
1642 intacrefoot acre surveyfoot
|
|
|
1643 usacrefoot usacre surveyfoot
|
|
|
1644 section mile^2
|
|
|
1645 township 36 section
|
|
|
1646 homestead 160 acre # Area of land granted by the 1862 Homestead
|
|
|
1647 # Act of the United States Congress
|
|
|
1648 gunterschain surveyorschain
|
|
|
1649
|
|
|
1650 engineerschain 100 ft
|
|
|
1651 engineerslink 1|100 engineerschain
|
|
|
1652 ramsdenschain engineerschain
|
|
|
1653 ramsdenslink engineerslink
|
|
|
1654
|
|
|
1655 gurleychain 33 feet # Andrew Ellicott chain is the
|
|
|
1656 gurleylink 1|50 gurleychain # same length
|
|
|
1657
|
|
|
1658 wingchain 66 feet # Chain from 1664, introduced by
|
|
|
1659 winglink 1|80 wingchain # Vincent Wing, also found in a
|
|
|
1660 # 33 foot length with 40 links.
|
|
|
1661
|
|
|
1662
|
|
|
1663
|
|
|
1664 # nautical measure
|
|
|
1665
|
|
|
1666 fathom 6 ft # Originally defined as the distance from
|
|
|
1667 # fingertip to fingertip with arms fully
|
|
|
1668 # extended.
|
|
|
1669 nauticalmile 1852 m # Supposed to be one minute of latitude at
|
|
|
1670 # the equator. That value is about 1855 m.
|
|
|
1671 # Early estimates of the earth's circumference
|
|
|
1672 # were a bit off. The value of 1852 m was
|
|
|
1673 # made the international standard in 1929.
|
|
|
1674 # The US did not accept this value until
|
|
|
1675 # 1954. The UK switched in 1970.
|
|
|
1676
|
|
|
1677 cable 1|10 nauticalmile
|
|
|
1678 intcable cable # international cable
|
|
|
1679 cablelength cable
|
|
|
1680 UScable 100 USfathom
|
|
|
1681 navycablelength 720 USft # used for depth in water
|
|
|
1682 marineleague 3 nauticalmile
|
|
|
1683 geographicalmile brnauticalmile
|
|
|
1684 knot nauticalmile / hr
|
|
|
1685 click km # US military slang
|
|
|
1686 klick click
|
|
|
1687
|
|
|
1688 # Avoirdupois weight
|
|
|
1689
|
|
|
1690 pound 0.45359237 kg # The one normally used
|
|
|
1691 lb pound # From the latin libra
|
|
|
1692 grain 1|7000 pound # The grain is the same in all three
|
|
|
1693 # weight systems. It was originally
|
|
|
1694 # defined as the weight of a barley
|
|
|
1695 # corn taken from the middle of the
|
|
|
1696 # ear.
|
|
|
1697 ounce 1|16 pound
|
|
|
1698 oz ounce
|
|
|
1699 dram 1|16 ounce
|
|
|
1700 dr dram
|
|
|
1701 ushundredweight 100 pounds
|
|
|
1702 cwt hundredweight
|
|
|
1703 shorthundredweight ushundredweight
|
|
|
1704 uston shortton
|
|
|
1705 shortton 2000 lb
|
|
|
1706 quarterweight 1|4 uston
|
|
|
1707 shortquarterweight 1|4 shortton
|
|
|
1708 shortquarter shortquarterweight
|
|
|
1709
|
|
|
1710 # Troy Weight. In 1828 the troy pound was made the first United States
|
|
|
1711 # standard weight. It was to be used to regulate coinage.
|
|
|
1712
|
|
|
1713 troypound 5760 grain
|
|
|
1714 troyounce 1|12 troypound
|
|
|
1715 ozt troyounce
|
|
|
1716 pennyweight 1|20 troyounce # Abbreviated "d" in reference to a
|
|
|
1717 dwt pennyweight # Frankish coin called the "denier"
|
|
|
1718 # minted in the late 700's. There
|
|
|
1719 # were 240 deniers to the pound.
|
|
|
1720 assayton mg ton / troyounce # mg / assayton = troyounce / ton
|
|
|
1721 usassayton mg uston / troyounce
|
|
|
1722 brassayton mg brton / troyounce
|
|
|
1723 fineounce troyounce # A troy ounce of 99.5% pure gold
|
|
|
1724
|
|
|
1725 # Some other jewelers units
|
|
|
1726
|
|
|
1727 metriccarat 0.2 gram # Defined in 1907
|
|
|
1728 metricgrain 50 mg
|
|
|
1729 carat metriccarat
|
|
|
1730 ct carat
|
|
|
1731 jewelerspoint 1|100 carat
|
|
|
1732 silversmithpoint 1|4000 inch
|
|
|
1733 momme 3.75 grams # Traditional Japanese unit based
|
|
|
1734 # on the chinese mace. It is used for
|
|
|
1735 # pearls in modern times and also for
|
|
|
1736 # silk density. The definition here
|
|
|
1737 # was adopted in 1891.
|
|
|
1738 # Apothecaries' weight
|
|
|
1739
|
|
|
1740 appound troypound
|
|
|
1741 apounce troyounce
|
|
|
1742 apdram 1|8 apounce
|
|
|
1743 apscruple 1|3 apdram
|
|
|
1744
|
|
|
1745 # Liquid measure
|
|
|
1746
|
|
|
1747 usgallon 231 in^3 # US liquid measure is derived from
|
|
|
1748 gal gallon # the British wine gallon of 1707.
|
|
|
1749 quart 1|4 gallon # See the "winegallon" entry below
|
|
|
1750 pint 1|2 quart # more historical information.
|
|
|
1751 gill 1|4 pint
|
|
|
1752 usquart 1|4 usgallon
|
|
|
1753 uspint 1|2 usquart
|
|
|
1754 usgill 1|4 uspint
|
|
|
1755 usfluidounce 1|16 uspint
|
|
|
1756 fluiddram 1|8 usfloz
|
|
|
1757 minimvolume 1|60 fluiddram
|
|
|
1758 qt quart
|
|
|
1759 pt pint
|
|
|
1760 floz fluidounce
|
|
|
1761 usfloz usfluidounce
|
|
|
1762 fldr fluiddram
|
|
|
1763 liquidbarrel 31.5 usgallon
|
|
|
1764 usbeerbarrel 2 beerkegs
|
|
|
1765 beerkeg 15.5 usgallon # Various among brewers
|
|
|
1766 ponykeg 1|2 beerkeg
|
|
|
1767 winekeg 12 usgallon
|
|
|
1768 petroleumbarrel 42 usgallon # Originated in Pennsylvania oil
|
|
|
1769 barrel petroleumbarrel # fields, from the winetierce
|
|
|
1770 bbl barrel
|
|
|
1771 ushogshead 2 liquidbarrel
|
|
|
1772 usfirkin 9 gallon
|
|
|
1773
|
|
|
1774 # Dry measures: The Winchester Bushel was defined by William III in 1702 and
|
|
|
1775 # legally adopted in the US in 1836.
|
|
|
1776
|
|
|
1777 usbushel 2150.42 in^3 # Volume of 8 inch cylinder with 18.5
|
|
|
1778 bu bushel # inch diameter (rounded)
|
|
|
1779 peck 1|4 bushel
|
|
|
1780 uspeck 1|4 usbushel
|
|
|
1781 brpeck 1|4 brbushel
|
|
|
1782 pk peck
|
|
|
1783 drygallon 1|2 uspeck
|
|
|
1784 dryquart 1|4 drygallon
|
|
|
1785 drypint 1|2 dryquart
|
|
|
1786 drybarrel 7056 in^3 # Used in US for fruits, vegetables,
|
|
|
1787 # and other dry commodities except for
|
|
|
1788 # cranberries.
|
|
|
1789 cranberrybarrel 5826 in^3 # US cranberry barrel
|
|
|
1790 heapedbushel 1.278 usbushel# The following explanation for this
|
|
|
1791 # value was provided by Wendy Krieger
|
|
|
1792 # <os2fan2@yahoo.com> based on
|
|
|
1793 # guesswork. The cylindrical vessel is
|
|
|
1794 # 18.5 inches in diameter and 1|2 inch
|
|
|
1795 # thick. A heaped bushel includes the
|
|
|
1796 # contents of this cylinder plus a heap
|
|
|
1797 # on top. The heap is a cone 19.5
|
|
|
1798 # inches in diameter and 6 inches
|
|
|
1799 # high. With these values, the volume
|
|
|
1800 # of the bushel is 684.5 pi in^3 and
|
|
|
1801 # the heap occupies 190.125 pi in^3.
|
|
|
1802 # Therefore, the heaped bushel is
|
|
|
1803 # 874.625|684.5 bushels. This value is
|
|
|
1804 # approximately 1.2777575 and it rounds
|
|
|
1805 # to the value listed for the size of
|
|
|
1806 # the heaped bushel. Sometimes the
|
|
|
1807 # heaped bushel is reported as 1.25
|
|
|
1808 # bushels. This same explanation gives
|
|
|
1809 # that value if the heap is taken to
|
|
|
1810 # have an 18.5 inch diameter.
|
|
|
1811
|
|
|
1812 # Grain measures. The bushel as it is used by farmers in the USA is actually
|
|
|
1813 # a measure of mass which varies for different commodities. Canada uses the
|
|
|
1814 # same bushel masses for most commodities, but not for oats.
|
|
|
1815
|
|
|
1816 wheatbushel 60 lb
|
|
|
1817 soybeanbushel 60 lb
|
|
|
1818 cornbushel 56 lb
|
|
|
1819 ryebushel 56 lb
|
|
|
1820 barleybushel 48 lb
|
|
|
1821 oatbushel 32 lb
|
|
|
1822 ricebushel 45 lb
|
|
|
1823 canada_oatbushel 34 lb
|
|
|
1824
|
|
|
1825 # Wine and Spirits measure
|
|
|
1826
|
|
|
1827 ponyvolume 1 usfloz
|
|
|
1828 jigger 1.5 usfloz # Can vary between 1 and 2 usfloz
|
|
|
1829 shot jigger # Sometimes 1 usfloz
|
|
|
1830 eushot 25 ml # EU standard spirits measure
|
|
|
1831 fifth 1|5 usgallon
|
|
|
1832 winebottle 750 ml # US industry standard, 1979
|
|
|
1833 winesplit 1|4 winebottle
|
|
|
1834 wineglass 4 usfloz
|
|
|
1835 magnum 1.5 liter # Standardized in 1979, but given
|
|
|
1836 # as 2 qt in some references
|
|
|
1837 metrictenth 375 ml
|
|
|
1838 metricfifth 750 ml
|
|
|
1839 metricquart 1 liter
|
|
|
1840
|
|
|
1841 # Old British bottle size
|
|
|
1842
|
|
|
1843 reputedquart 1|6 brgallon
|
|
|
1844 reputedpint 1|2 reputedquart
|
|
|
1845 brwinebottle reputedquart # Very close to 1|5 winegallon
|
|
|
1846
|
|
|
1847 # French champagne bottle sizes
|
|
|
1848
|
|
|
1849 split 200 ml
|
|
|
1850 jeroboam 2 magnum
|
|
|
1851 rehoboam 3 magnum
|
|
|
1852 methuselah 4 magnum
|
|
|
1853 salmanazar 6 magnum
|
|
|
1854 balthazar 8 magnum
|
|
|
1855 nebuchadnezzar 10 magnum
|
|
|
1856
|
|
|
1857 #
|
|
|
1858 # Water is "hard" if it contains various minerals, expecially calcium
|
|
|
1859 # carbonate.
|
|
|
1860 #
|
|
|
1861
|
|
|
1862 clarkdegree 1|70000 # Content by weigh of calcium carbonate
|
|
|
1863 gpg grains/gallon # Divide by water's density to convert to
|
|
|
1864 # a dimensionless concentration measure
|
|
|
1865 #
|
|
|
1866 # Shoe measures
|
|
|
1867 #
|
|
|
1868
|
|
|
1869 shoeiron 1|48 inch # Used to measure leather in soles
|
|
|
1870 shoeounce 1|64 inch # Used to measure non-sole shoe leather
|
|
|
1871
|
|
|
1872 # USA shoe sizes. These express the length of the shoe or the length
|
|
|
1873 # of the "last", the form that the shoe is made on. But note that
|
|
|
1874 # this only captures the length. It appears that widths change 1/4
|
|
|
1875 # inch for each letter within the same size, and if you change the
|
|
|
1876 # length by half a size then the width changes between 1/8 inch and
|
|
|
1877 # 1/4 inch. But this may not be standard. If you know better, please
|
|
|
1878 # contact me.
|
|
|
1879
|
|
|
1880 shoesize_delta 1|3 inch # USA shoe sizes differ by this amount
|
|
|
1881 shoe_men0 8.25 inch
|
|
|
1882 shoe_women0 (7+11|12) inch
|
|
|
1883 shoe_boys0 (3+11|12) inch
|
|
|
1884 shoe_girls0 (3+7|12) inch
|
|
|
1885
|
|
|
1886 shoesize_men(n) [;inch] shoe_men0 + n shoesize_delta ; \
|
|
|
1887 (shoesize_men+(-shoe_men0))/shoesize_delta
|
|
|
1888 shoesize_women(n) [;inch] shoe_women0 + n shoesize_delta ; \
|
|
|
1889 (shoesize_women+(-shoe_women0))/shoesize_delta
|
|
|
1890 shoesize_boys(n) [;inch] shoe_boys0 + n shoesize_delta ; \
|
|
|
1891 (shoesize_boys+(-shoe_boys0))/shoesize_delta
|
|
|
1892 shoesize_girls(n) [;inch] shoe_girls0 + n shoesize_delta ; \
|
|
|
1893 (shoesize_girls+(-shoe_girls0))/shoesize_delta
|
|
|
1894
|
|
|
1895 # European shoe size. According to
|
|
|
1896 # http://www.shoeline.com/footnotes/shoeterm.shtml#paris points
|
|
|
1897
|
|
|
1898 # sizes in Europe are measured with Paris points which simply measure
|
|
|
1899 # the length of the shoe.
|
|
|
1900
|
|
|
1901 europeshoesize 2|3 cm
|
|
|
1902
|
|
|
1903 #
|
|
|
1904 # USA slang units
|
|
|
1905 #
|
|
|
1906
|
|
|
1907 buck US$
|
|
|
1908 fin 5 US$
|
|
|
1909 sawbuck 10 US$
|
|
|
1910 usgrand 1000 US$
|
|
|
1911 greenback US$
|
|
|
1912 key kg # usually of marijuana, 60's
|
|
|
1913 lid 1 oz # Another 60's weed unit
|
|
|
1914 footballfield usfootballfield
|
|
|
1915 usfootballfield 100 yards
|
|
|
1916 canadafootballfield 110 yards # And 65 yards wide
|
|
|
1917 marathon 26 miles + 385 yards
|
|
|
1918
|
|
|
1919 #
|
|
|
1920 # British
|
|
|
1921 #
|
|
|
1922
|
|
|
1923 # The length measure in the UK was defined by a bronze bar manufactured in
|
|
|
1924 # 1844. Various conversions were sanctioned for convenience at different
|
|
|
1925 # times, which makes conversions before 1963 a confusing matter. Apparently
|
|
|
1926 # previous conversions were never explicitly revoked. Four different
|
|
|
1927 # conversion factors appear below. Multiply them times an imperial length
|
|
|
1928 # units as desired. The Weights and Measures Act of 1963 switched the UK away
|
|
|
1929 # from their bronze standard and onto a definition of the yard in terms of the
|
|
|
1930 # meter. This happened after an international agreement in 1959 to align the
|
|
|
1931 # world's measurement systems.
|
|
|
1932
|
|
|
1933 UK UKlength_SJJ
|
|
|
1934 UK- UK
|
|
|
1935 british- UK
|
|
|
1936
|
|
|
1937 UKlength_B 0.9143992 meter / yard # Benoit found the yard to be
|
|
|
1938 # 0.9143992 m at a weights and
|
|
|
1939 # measures conference around
|
|
|
1940 # 1896. Legally sanctioned
|
|
|
1941 # in 1898.
|
|
|
1942 UKlength_SJJ 0.91439841 meter / yard # In 1922, Seers, Jolly and
|
|
|
1943 # Johnson found the yard to be
|
|
|
1944 # 0.91439841 meters.
|
|
|
1945 # Used starting in the 1930's.
|
|
|
1946 UKlength_K meter / 39.37079 inch # In 1816 Kater found this ratio
|
|
|
1947 # for the meter and inch. This
|
|
|
1948 # value was used as the legal
|
|
|
1949 # conversion ratio when the
|
|
|
1950 # metric system was legalized
|
|
|
1951 # for contract in 1864.
|
|
|
1952 UKlength_C meter / 1.09362311 yard # In 1866 Clarke found the meter
|
|
|
1953 # to be 1.09362311 yards. This
|
|
|
1954 # conversion was legalized
|
|
|
1955 # around 1878.
|
|
|
1956 brnauticalmile 6080 ft # Used until 1970 when the UK
|
|
|
1957 brknot brnauticalmile / hr # switched to the international
|
|
|
1958 brcable 1|10 brnauticalmile # nautical mile.
|
|
|
1959 admiraltymile brnauticalmile
|
|
|
1960 admiraltyknot brknot
|
|
|
1961 admiraltycable brcable
|
|
|
1962 seamile 6000 ft
|
|
|
1963 shackle 15 fathoms # Adopted 1949 by British navy
|
|
|
1964
|
|
|
1965 # British Imperial weight is mostly the same as US weight. A few extra
|
|
|
1966 # units are added here.
|
|
|
1967
|
|
|
1968 clove 7 lb
|
|
|
1969 stone 14 lb
|
|
|
1970 tod 28 lb
|
|
|
1971 brquarterweight 1|4 brhundredweight
|
|
|
1972 brhundredweight 8 stone
|
|
|
1973 longhundredweight brhundredweight
|
|
|
1974 longton 20 brhundredweight
|
|
|
1975 brton longton
|
|
|
1976
|
|
|
1977 # British Imperial volume measures
|
|
|
1978
|
|
|
1979 brminim 1|60 brdram
|
|
|
1980 brscruple 1|3 brdram
|
|
|
1981 fluidscruple brscruple
|
|
|
1982 brdram 1|8 brfloz
|
|
|
1983 brfluidounce 1|20 brpint
|
|
|
1984 brfloz brfluidounce
|
|
|
1985 brgill 1|4 brpint
|
|
|
1986 brpint 1|2 brquart
|
|
|
1987 brquart 1|4 brgallon
|
|
|
1988 brgallon 4.54609 l # The British Imperial gallon was
|
|
|
1989 # defined in 1824 to be the volume of
|
|
|
1990 # water which weighed 10 pounds at 62
|
|
|
1991 # deg F with a pressure of 30 inHg.
|
|
|
1992 # It was also defined as 277.274 in^3,
|
|
|
1993 # Which is slightly in error. In
|
|
|
1994 # 1963 it was defined to be the volume
|
|
|
1995 # occupied by 10 pounds of distilled
|
|
|
1996 # water of density 0.998859 g/ml weighed
|
|
|
1997 # in air of density 0.001217 g/ml
|
|
|
1998 # against weights of density 8.136 g/ml.
|
|
|
1999 # This gives a value of approximately
|
|
|
2000 # 4.5459645 liters, but the old liter
|
|
|
2001 # was in force at this time. In 1976
|
|
|
2002 # the definition was changed to exactly
|
|
|
2003 # 4.54609 liters using the new
|
|
|
2004 # definition of the liter (1 dm^3).
|
|
|
2005 brbarrel 36 brgallon # Used for beer
|
|
|
2006 brbushel 8 brgallon
|
|
|
2007 brheapedbushel 1.278 brbushel
|
|
|
2008 brquarter 8 brbushel
|
|
|
2009 brchaldron 36 brbushel
|
|
|
2010
|
|
|
2011 # Obscure British volume measures. These units are generally traditional
|
|
|
2012 # measures whose definitions have fluctuated over the years. Often they
|
|
|
2013 # depended on the quantity being measured. They are given here in terms of
|
|
|
2014 # British Imperial measures. For example, the puncheon may have historically
|
|
|
2015 # been defined relative to the wine gallon or beer gallon or ale gallon
|
|
|
2016 # rather than the British Imperial gallon.
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
2018 bag 4 brbushel
|
|
|
2019 bucket 4 brgallon
|
|
|
2020 kilderkin 2 brfirkin
|
|
|
2021 last 40 brbushel
|
|
|
2022 noggin brgill
|
|
|
2023 pottle 0.5 brgallon
|
|
|
2024 pin 4.5 brgallon
|
|
|
2025 puncheon 72 brgallon
|
|
|
2026 seam 8 brbushel
|
|
|
2027 coomb 4 brbushel
|
|
|
2028 boll 6 brbushel
|
|
|
2029 firlot 1|4 boll
|
|
|
2030 brfirkin 9 brgallon # Used for ale and beer
|
|
|
2031 cran 37.5 brgallon # measures herring, about 750 fish
|
|
|
2032 brwinehogshead 52.5 brgallon # This value is approximately equal
|
|
|
2033 brhogshead brwinehogshead # to the old wine hogshead of 63
|
|
|
2034 # wine gallons. This adjustment
|
|
|
2035 # is listed in the OED and in
|
|
|
2036 # "The Weights and Measures of
|
|
|
2037 # England" by R. D. Connor
|
|
|
2038 brbeerhogshead 54 brgallon
|
|
|
2039 brbeerbutt 2 brbeerhogshead
|
|
|
2040 registerton 100 ft^3 # Used for internal capacity of ships
|
|
|
2041 shippington 40 ft^3 # Used for ship's cargo freight or timber
|
|
|
2042 brshippington 42 ft^3 #
|
|
|
2043 freightton shippington # Both register ton and shipping ton derive
|
|
|
2044 # from the "tun cask" of wine.
|
|
|
2045 displacementton 35 ft^3 # Approximate volume of a longton weight of
|
|
|
2046 # sea water. Measures water displaced by
|
|
|
2047 # ships.
|
|
|
2048 waterton 224 brgallon
|
|
|
2049 strike 70.5 l # 16th century unit, sometimes
|
|
|
2050 # defined as .5, 2, or 4 bushels
|
|
|
2051 # depending on the location. It
|
|
|
2052 # probably doesn't make a lot of
|
|
|
2053 # sense to define in terms of imperial
|
|
|
2054 # bushels. Zupko gives a value of
|
|
|
2055 # 2 Winchester grain bushels or about
|
|
|
2056 # 70.5 liters.
|
|
|
2057 amber 4 brbushel# Used for dry and liquid capacity [18]
|
|
|
2058
|
|
|
2059 # obscure British lengths
|
|
|
2060
|
|
|
2061 barleycorn 1|3 UKinch # Given in Realm of Measure as the
|
|
|
2062 # difference between successive shoe sizes
|
|
|
2063 nail 1|16 UKyard # Originally the width of the thumbnail,
|
|
|
2064 # or 1|16 ft. This took on the general
|
|
|
2065 # meaning of 1|16 and settled on the
|
|
|
2066 # nail of a yard or 1|16 yards as its
|
|
|
2067 # final value. [12]
|
|
|
2068 pole 16.5 UKft # This was 15 Saxon feet, the Saxon
|
|
|
2069 rope 20 UKft # foot (aka northern foot) being longer
|
|
|
2070 englishell 45 UKinch
|
|
|
2071 flemishell 27 UKinch
|
|
|
2072 ell englishell # supposed to be measure from elbow to
|
|
|
2073 # fingertips
|
|
|
2074 span 9 UKinch # supposed to be distance from thumb
|
|
|
2075 # to pinky with full hand extension
|
|
|
2076 goad 4.5 UKft # used for cloth, possibly named after the
|
|
|
2077 # stick used for prodding animals.
|
|
|
2078
|
|
|
2079 # misc obscure British units
|
|
|
2080
|
|
|
2081 rood 1|4 acre
|
|
|
2082 englishcarat troyounce/151.5 # Originally intended to be 4 grain
|
|
|
2083 # but this value ended up being
|
|
|
2084 # used in the London diamond market
|
|
|
2085 mancus 2 oz
|
|
|
2086 mast 2.5 lb
|
|
|
2087 nailkeg 100 lbs
|
|
|
2088 basebox 31360 in^2 # Used in metal plating
|
|
|
2089
|
|
|
2090 # alternate spellings
|
|
|
2091
|
|
|
2092 metre meter
|
|
|
2093 gramme gram
|
|
|
2094 litre liter
|
|
|
2095 dioptre diopter
|
|
|
2096 aluminium aluminum
|
|
|
2097 sulphur sulfur
|
|
|
2098
|
|
|
2099 #
|
|
|
2100 # Units derived the human body (may not be very accurate)
|
|
|
2101 #
|
|
|
2102
|
|
|
2103 geometricpace 5 ft # distance between points where the same
|
|
|
2104 # foot hits the ground
|
|
|
2105 pace 2.5 ft # distance between points where alternate
|
|
|
2106 # feet touch the ground
|
|
|
2107 USmilitarypace 30 in # United States official military pace
|
|
|
2108 USdoubletimepace 36 in # United States official doubletime pace
|
|
|
2109 fingerbreadth 7|8 in # The finger is defined as either the width
|
|
|
2110 fingerlength 4.5 in # or length of the finger
|
|
|
2111 finger fingerbreadth
|
|
|
2112 palmwidth hand # The palm is a unit defined as either the width
|
|
|
2113 palmlength 8 in # or the length of the hand
|
|
|
2114 hand 4 inch # width of hand
|
|
|
2115 shaftment 6 inch # Distance from tip of outstretched thumb to the
|
|
|
2116 # opposite side of the palm of the hand. The
|
|
|
2117 # ending -ment is from the old English word
|
|
|
2118 # for hand. [18]
|
|
|
2119 smoot 5 ft + 7 in # Created as part of an MIT fraternity prank.
|
|
|
2120 # In 1958 Oliver Smoot was used to measure
|
|
|
2121 # the length of the Harvard Bridge, which was
|
|
|
2122 # marked off in smooth lengths. These
|
|
|
2123 # markings have been maintained on the bridge
|
|
|
2124 # since then and repainted by subsequent
|
|
|
2125 # incoming fraternity members. During a
|
|
|
2126 # bridge rennovation the new sidewalk was
|
|
|
2127 # scored every smooth rather than at the
|
|
|
2128 # customary 6 ft spacing.
|
|
|
2129 #
|
|
|
2130 # Cooking measures
|
|
|
2131 #
|
|
|
2132
|
|
|
2133 # Common abbreviations
|
|
|
2134
|
|
|
2135 tbl tablespoon
|
|
|
2136 tbsp tablespoon
|
|
|
2137 tblsp tablespoon
|
|
|
2138 Tb tablespoon
|
|
|
2139 tsp teaspoon
|
|
|
2140 saltspoon 1|4 tsp
|
|
|
2141
|
|
|
2142 # US measures
|
|
|
2143
|
|
|
2144 uscup 8 usfloz
|
|
|
2145 ustablespoon 1|16 uscup
|
|
|
2146 usteaspoon 1|3 ustablespoon
|
|
|
2147 ustbl ustablespoon
|
|
|
2148 ustbsp ustablespoon
|
|
|
2149 ustblsp ustablespoon
|
|
|
2150 ustsp usteaspoon
|
|
|
2151 metriccup 250 ml
|
|
|
2152 stickbutter 1|4 lb # Butter in the USA is sold in one
|
|
|
2153 # pound packages that contain four
|
|
|
2154 # individually wrapped pieces. The
|
|
|
2155 # pieces are marked into tablespoons,
|
|
|
2156 # making it possible to measure out
|
|
|
2157 # butter by volume by slicing the
|
|
|
2158 # butter.
|
|
|
2159
|
|
|
2160 # US can sizes.
|
|
|
2161
|
|
|
2162 number1can 10 usfloz
|
|
|
2163 number2can 19 usfloz
|
|
|
2164 number2.5can 3.5 uscups
|
|
|
2165 number3can 4 uscups
|
|
|
2166 number5can 7 uscups
|
|
|
2167 number10can 105 usfloz
|
|
|
2168
|
|
|
2169 # British measures
|
|
|
2170
|
|
|
2171 brcup 1|2 brpint
|
|
|
2172 brteacup 1|3 brpint
|
|
|
2173 brtablespoon 15 ml # Also 5|8 brfloz, approx 17.7 ml
|
|
|
2174 brteaspoon 1|3 brtablespoon # Also 1|4 brtablespoon
|
|
|
2175 brdessertspoon 2 brteaspoon
|
|
|
2176 dessertspoon brdessertspoon
|
|
|
2177 dsp dessertspoon
|
|
|
2178 brtsp brteaspoon
|
|
|
2179 brtbl brtablespoon
|
|
|
2180 brtbsp brtablespoon
|
|
|
2181 brtblsp brtablespoon
|
|
|
2182
|
|
|
2183 # Australian
|
|
|
2184
|
|
|
2185 australiatablespoon 20 ml
|
|
|
2186 austbl australiatablespoon
|
|
|
2187 austbsp australiatablespoon
|
|
|
2188 austblsp australiatablespoon
|
|
|
2189 australiateaspoon 1|4 australiatablespoon
|
|
|
2190 austsp australiateaspoon
|
|
|
2191
|
|
|
2192 # Chinese
|
|
|
2193
|
|
|
2194 catty 0.5 kg
|
|
|
2195 oldcatty 4|3 lbs # Before metric conversion.
|
|
|
2196 tael 1|16 oldcatty # Should the tael be defined both ways?
|
|
|
2197 mace 0.1 tael
|
|
|
2198 oldpicul 100 oldcatty
|
|
|
2199 picul 100 catty # Chinese usage
|
|
|
2200
|
|
|
2201 # Indian
|
|
|
2202
|
|
|
2203 seer 14400 grain # British Colonial standard
|
|
|
2204 ser seer
|
|
|
2205 maund 40 seer
|
|
|
2206 pakistanseer 1 kg
|
|
|
2207 pakistanmaund 40 pakistanseer
|
|
|
2208 chittak 1|16 seer
|
|
|
2209 tola 1|5 chittak
|
|
|
2210 ollock 1|4 liter # Is this right?
|
|
|
2211
|
|
|
2212 # Japanese
|
|
|
2213
|
|
|
2214 japancup 200 ml
|
|
|
2215
|
|
|
2216 # densities of cooking ingredients from The Cake Bible by Rose Levy Beranbaum
|
|
|
2217 # so you can convert '2 cups sugar' to grams, for example, or in the other
|
|
|
2218 # direction grams could be converted to 'cup flour_scooped'.
|
|
|
2219
|
|
|
2220 butter 8 oz/uscup
|
|
|
2221 butter_clarified 6.8 oz/uscup
|
|
|
2222 cocoa_butter 9 oz/uscup
|
|
|
2223 shortening 6.75 oz/uscup # vegetable shortening
|
|
|
2224 oil 7.5 oz/uscup
|
|
|
2225 cakeflour_sifted 3.5 oz/uscup # The density of flour depends on the
|
|
|
2226 cakeflour_spooned 4 oz/uscup # measuring method. "Scooped", or
|
|
|
2227 cakeflour_scooped 4.5 oz/uscup # "dip and sweep" refers to dipping a
|
|
|
2228 flour_sifted 4 oz/uscup # measure into a bin, and then sweeping
|
|
|
2229 flour_spooned 4.25 oz/uscup # the excess off the top. "Spooned"
|
|
|
2230 flour_scooped 5 oz/uscup # means to lightly spoon into a measure
|
|
|
2231 breadflour_sifted 4.25 oz/uscup # and then sweep the top. Sifted means
|
|
|
2232 breadflour_spooned 4.5 oz/uscup # sifting the flour directly into a
|
|
|
2233 breadflour_scooped 5.5 oz/uscup # measure and then sweeping the top.
|
|
|
2234 cornstarch 120 grams/uscup
|
|
|
2235 dutchcocoa_sifted 75 g/uscup # These are for Dutch processed cocoa
|
|
|
2236 dutchcocoa_spooned 92 g/uscup
|
|
|
2237 dutchcocoa_scooped 95 g/uscup
|
|
|
2238 cocoa_sifted 75 g/uscup # These are for nonalkalized cocoa
|
|
|
2239 cocoa_spooned 82 g/uscup
|
|
|
2240 cocoa_scooped 95 g/uscup
|
|
|
2241 heavycream 232 g/uscup
|
|
|
2242 milk 242 g/uscup
|
|
|
2243 sourcream 242 g/uscup
|
|
|
2244 molasses 11.25 oz/uscup
|
|
|
2245 cornsyrup 11.5 oz/uscup
|
|
|
2246 honey 11.75 oz/uscup
|
|
|
2247 sugar 200 g/uscup
|
|
|
2248 powdered_sugar 4 oz/uscup
|
|
|
2249 brownsugar_light 217 g/uscup # packed
|
|
|
2250 brownsugar_dark 239 g/uscup
|
|
|
2251
|
|
|
2252 baking_powder 4.6 grams / ustsp
|
|
|
2253 salt 6 g / ustsp
|
|
|
2254 koshersalt 2.8 g / ustsp # Diamond Crystal kosher salt
|
|
|
2255 koshersalt_morton 4.8 g / ustsp # Morton kosher salt
|
|
|
2256 # Values are from the nutrition info
|
|
|
2257 # on the packages
|
|
|
2258
|
|
|
2259
|
|
|
2260 # Egg weights and volumes for a USA large egg
|
|
|
2261
|
|
|
2262 egg 50 grams # without shell
|
|
|
2263 eggwhite 30 grams
|
|
|
2264 eggyolk 18.6 grams
|
|
|
2265 eggvolume 3 ustablespoons + 1|2 ustsp
|
|
|
2266 eggwhitevolume 2 ustablespoons
|
|
|
2267 eggyolkvolume 3.5 ustsp
|
|
|
2268
|
|
|
2269 #
|
|
|
2270 # Density measures. Density has traditionally been measured on a variety of
|
|
|
2271 # bizarre nonlinear scales.
|
|
|
2272 #
|
|
|
2273
|
|
|
2274 # Density of a sugar syrup is frequently measured in candy making procedures.
|
|
|
2275 # In the USA the boiling point of the syrup is measured. Some recipes instead
|
|
|
2276 # specify the density using degrees Baume. Conversion between degrees Baume
|
|
|
2277 # and the boiling point measure has proved elusive. One food science text
|
|
|
2278 # claimed that the boiling point elevation formula could be used. This formula
|
|
|
2279 # gives the elevation 1000 (.512) x / (100-x) 342.3 for sucrose. However,
|
|
|
2280 # it disagrees significantly with a table that appeared in another text
|
|
|
2281 # which gave the table below. However, this table cannot be converted reliably
|
|
|
2282 # to a density measure because the brix table stops at 80% concentration.
|
|
|
2283 #
|
|
|
2284 # temp(C) conc (%)
|
|
|
2285 # 100 30
|
|
|
2286 # 101 40
|
|
|
2287 # 102 50
|
|
|
2288 # 103 60
|
|
|
2289 # 106 70
|
|
|
2290 # 112 80
|
|
|
2291 # 123 90
|
|
|
2292 # 140 95
|
|
|
2293 # 151 97
|
|
|
2294 # 160 98.2
|
|
|
2295 # 166 99.5
|
|
|
2296 # 171 99.6
|
|
|
2297 #
|
|
|
2298
|
|
|
2299 # Degrees Baume is used in European recipes to specify the density of a sugar
|
|
|
2300 # syrup. An entirely different definition is used for densities below
|
|
|
2301 # 1 g/cm^3. An arbitrary constant appears in the definition. This value is
|
|
|
2302 # equal to 145 in the US, but was according to [], the old scale used in
|
|
|
2303 # Holland had a value of 144, and the new scale or Gerlach scale used 146.78.
|
|
|
2304
|
|
|
2305 baumeconst 144 # US value
|
|
|
2306 baume(d) [1;g/cm^3] (baumeconst/(baumeconst+-d)) g/cm^3 ; \
|
|
|
2307 (baume+((-g)/cm^3)) baumeconst / baume
|
|
|
2308
|
|
|
2309 twaddell(x) [1;g/cm^3] (1 + 0.005 x) g / cm^3 ; 200 (twaddell / (g/cm^3) +- 1)
|
|
|
2310
|
|
|
2311 # The degree quevenne is a unit for measuring the density of milk.
|
|
|
2312 quevenne(x) [1;g/cm^3] (1 + 0.001 x) g / cm^3 ; 1000 (quevenne / (g/cm^3) +- 1)
|
|
|
2313
|
|
|
2314 # Degrees brix measures sugar concentration by weigh as a percentage, so a
|
|
|
2315 # solution that is 3 degrees brix is 3% sugar by weight. This unit was named
|
|
|
2316 # after Adolf Brix who invented a hydrometer that read this percentage
|
|
|
2317 # directly. This table converts brix to density at 20 degrees Celsius.
|
|
|
2318
|
|
|
2319 brix[g/cm^3] \
|
|
|
2320 0.0 0.9982, 0.5 1.0002, 1.0 1.0021 \
|
|
|
2321 1.5 1.0040, 2.0 1.0060, 2.5 1.0079 \
|
|
|
2322 3.0 1.0099, 3.5 1.0119, 4.0 1.0139 \
|
|
|
2323 5.0 1.0178, 5.5 1.0198, 6.0 1.0218 \
|
|
|
2324 6.5 1.0238, 7.0 1.0259, 7.5 1.0279 \
|
|
|
2325 8.0 1.0299, 8.5 1.0320, 9.0 1.0340 \
|
|
|
2326 9.5 1.0361, 10.0 1.0381, 11.0 1.0423 \
|
|
|
2327 12.0 1.0465, 13.0 1.0507, 14.0 1.0549 \
|
|
|
2328 15.0 1.0592, 16.0 1.0635, 17.0 1.0678 \
|
|
|
2329 18.0 1.0722, 19.0 1.0766, 20.0 1.0810 \
|
|
|
2330 22.0 1.0899, 24.0 1.0990, 26.0 1.1082 \
|
|
|
2331 28.0 1.1175, 30.0 1.1270, 32.0 1.1366 \
|
|
|
2332 34.0 1.1464, 36.0 1.1562, 38.0 1.1663 \
|
|
|
2333 40.0 1.1765, 42.0 1.1868, 44.0 1.1972 \
|
|
|
2334 46.0 1.2079, 48.0 1.2186, 50.0 1.2295 \
|
|
|
2335 52.0 1.2406, 54.0 1.2518, 56.0 1.2632 \
|
|
|
2336 58.0 1.2747, 60.0 1.2864, 62.0 1.2983 \
|
|
|
2337 64.0 1.3103, 66.0 1.3224, 68.0 1.3348 \
|
|
|
2338 70.0 1.3472, 72.0 1.3599, 74.0 1.3726 \
|
|
|
2339 76.0 1.3855, 78.0 1.3986, 80.0 1.4117 \
|
|
|
2340 82.0 1.4250, 84.0 1.4383
|
|
|
2341
|
|
|
2342 # Density measure invented by the American Petroleum Institute. Lighter
|
|
|
2343 # petroleum products are more valuable, and they get a higher API degree.
|
|
|
2344
|
|
|
2345 apidegree(x) [1;g/cm^3] 141.5 g/cm^3 / (x+131.5) ; \
|
|
|
2346 141.5 (g/cm^3) / apidegree + (-131.5)
|
|
|
2347
|
|
|
2348 #
|
|
|
2349 # Units derived from imperial system
|
|
|
2350 #
|
|
|
2351
|
|
|
2352 ouncedal oz ft / s^2 # force which accelerates an ounce
|
|
|
2353 # at 1 ft/s^2
|
|
|
2354 poundal lb ft / s^2 # same thing for a pound
|
|
|
2355 tondal ton ft / s^2 # and for a ton
|
|
|
2356 pdl poundal
|
|
|
2357 osi ounce force / inch^2 # used in aviation
|
|
|
2358 psi pound force / inch^2
|
|
|
2359 psia psi # absolute pressure
|
|
|
2360 tsi ton force / inch^2
|
|
|
2361 reyn psi sec
|
|
|
2362 slug lbf s^2 / ft
|
|
|
2363 slugf slug force
|
|
|
2364 slinch lbf s^2 / inch # Mass unit derived from inch second
|
|
|
2365 slinchf slinch force # pound-force system. Used in space
|
|
|
2366 # applications where in/sec^2 was a
|
|
|
2367 # natural acceleration measure.
|
|
|
2368 geepound slug
|
|
|
2369 lbf lb force
|
|
|
2370 tonf ton force
|
|
|
2371 lbm lb
|
|
|
2372 kip 1000 lbf # from kilopound
|
|
|
2373 ksi kip / in^2
|
|
|
2374 mil 0.001 inch
|
|
|
2375 thou 0.001 inch
|
|
|
2376 circularinch 1|4 pi in^2 # area of a one-inch diameter circle
|
|
|
2377 circleinch circularinch # A circle with diameter d inches has
|
|
|
2378 # an area of d^2 circularinches
|
|
|
2379 cylinderinch circleinch inch # Cylinder h inch tall, d inches diameter
|
|
|
2380 # has volume d^2 h cylinder inches
|
|
|
2381 circularmil 1|4 pi mil^2 # area of one-mil diameter circle
|
|
|
2382 cmil circularmil
|
|
|
2383
|
|
|
2384 cental 100 pound
|
|
|
2385 centner cental
|
|
|
2386 caliber 0.01 inch # for measuring bullets
|
|
|
2387 duty ft lbf
|
|
|
2388 celo ft / s^2
|
|
|
2389 jerk ft / s^3
|
|
|
2390 australiapoint 0.01 inch # The "point" is used to measure rainfall
|
|
|
2391 # in Australia
|
|
|
2392 sabin ft^2 # Measure of sound absorption equal to the
|
|
|
2393 # absorbing power of one square foot of
|
|
|
2394 # a perfectly absorbing material. The
|
|
|
2395 # sound absorptivity of an object is the
|
|
|
2396 # area times a dimensionless
|
|
|
2397 # absorptivity coefficient.
|
|
|
2398 standardgauge 4 ft + 8.5 in # Standard width between railroad track
|
|
|
2399 flag 5 ft^2 # Construction term referring to sidewalk.
|
|
|
2400 rollwallpaper 30 ft^2 # Area of roll of wall paper
|
|
|
2401 fillpower in^3 / ounce # Density of down at standard pressure.
|
|
|
2402 # The best down has 750-800 fillpower.
|
|
|
2403 pinlength 1|16 inch # A #17 pin is 17/16 in long in the USA.
|
|
|
2404 buttonline 1|40 inch # The line was used in 19th century USA
|
|
|
2405 # to measure width of buttons.
|
|
|
2406 scoopnumber /quart # Ice cream scoops are labeled with a
|
|
|
2407 # number specifying how many scoops
|
|
|
2408 # fill a quart.
|
|
|
2409 beespace 1|4 inch # Bees will fill any space that is smaller
|
|
|
2410 # than the bee space and leave open
|
|
|
2411 # spaces that are larger. The size of
|
|
|
2412 # the space varies with species.
|
|
|
2413 diamond 8|5 ft # Marking on US tape measures that is
|
|
|
2414 # useful to carpenters who wish to place
|
|
|
2415 # five studs in an 8 ft distance. Note
|
|
|
2416 # that the numbers appear in red every
|
|
|
2417 # 16 inches as well, giving six
|
|
|
2418 # divisions in 8 feet.
|
|
|
2419 retmaunit 1.75 in # Height of rack mountable equipment.
|
|
|
2420 U retmaunit # Equipment should be 1|32 inch narrower
|
|
|
2421 RU U # than its U measurement indicates to
|
|
|
2422 # allow for clearance, so 4U=(6+31|32)in
|
|
|
2423 # RETMA stands for the former name of
|
|
|
2424 # the standardizing organization, Radio
|
|
|
2425 # Electronics Television Manufacturers
|
|
|
2426 # Association. This organization is now
|
|
|
2427 # called the Electronic Industries
|
|
|
2428 # Alliance (EIA) and the rack standard
|
|
|
2429 # is specified in EIA RS-310-D.
|
|
|
2430
|
|
|
2431 #
|
|
|
2432 # Other units of work, energy, power, etc
|
|
|
2433 #
|
|
|
2434
|
|
|
2435 ENERGY joule
|
|
|
2436 WORK joule
|
|
|
2437
|
|
|
2438 # Calories: energy to raise a gram of water one degree celsius
|
|
|
2439
|
|
|
2440 cal_IT 4.1868 J # International Table calorie
|
|
|
2441 cal_th 4.184 J # Thermochemical calorie
|
|
|
2442 cal_fifteen 4.18580 J # Energy to go from 14.5 to 15.5 degC
|
|
|
2443 cal_twenty 4.18190 J # Energy to go from 19.5 to 20.5 degC
|
|
|
2444 cal_mean 4.19002 J # 1|100 energy to go from 0 to 100 degC
|
|
|
2445 calorie cal_IT
|
|
|
2446 cal calorie
|
|
|
2447 calorie_IT cal_IT
|
|
|
2448 thermcalorie cal_th
|
|
|
2449 calorie_th thermcalorie
|
|
|
2450 Calorie kilocalorie # the food Calorie
|
|
|
2451 thermie 1e6 cal_fifteen # Heat required to raise the
|
|
|
2452 # temperature of a tonne of
|
|
|
2453 # water from 14.5 to 15.5 degC.
|
|
|
2454
|
|
|
2455 # btu definitions: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degF
|
|
|
2456
|
|
|
2457 btu cal lb degF / gram K # international table BTU
|
|
|
2458 britishthermalunit btu
|
|
|
2459 btu_IT btu
|
|
|
2460 btu_th cal_th lb degF / gram K
|
|
|
2461 btu_mean cal_mean lb degF / gram K
|
|
|
2462 quad quadrillion btu
|
|
|
2463
|
|
|
2464 ECtherm 1.05506e8 J # Exact definition, close to 1e5 btu
|
|
|
2465 UStherm 1.054804e8 J # Exact definition
|
|
|
2466 therm UStherm
|
|
|
2467
|
|
|
2468 # Energy densities of various fuels
|
|
|
2469 #
|
|
|
2470 # Most of these fuels have varying compositions or qualities and hence their
|
|
|
2471 # actual energy densities vary. These numbers are hence only approximate.
|
|
|
2472 #
|
|
|
2473 # E1. http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/energy_conv.html
|
|
|
2474 # E2. http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm
|
|
|
2475 # E3. http://www.ior.com.au/ecflist.html
|
|
|
2476
|
|
|
2477 tonoil 1e10 cal_IT # Ton oil equivalent. A conventional
|
|
|
2478 # value for the energy released by
|
|
|
2479 toe tonoil # burning one metric ton of oil. [18,E2]
|
|
|
2480 # Note that energy per mass of petroleum
|
|
|
2481 # products is fairly constant.
|
|
|
2482 # Variations in volumetric energy
|
|
|
2483 # density result from variations in the
|
|
|
2484 # density (kg/m^3) of different fuels.
|
|
|
2485 # This definition is given by the
|
|
|
2486 # IEA/OECD.
|
|
|
2487 toncoal 7e9 cal_IT # Energy in metric ton coal from [18].
|
|
|
2488 # This is a nominal value which
|
|
|
2489 # is close to the heat content
|
|
|
2490 # of coal used in the 1950's
|
|
|
2491 barreloil 5.8 Mbtu # Conventional value for barrel of crude
|
|
|
2492 # oil [E2]. Actual range is 5.6 - 6.3.
|
|
|
2493 naturalgas_HHV 1027 btu/ft3 # Energy content of natural gas. HHV
|
|
|
2494 naturalgas_LHV 930 btu/ft3 # is for Higher Heating Value and
|
|
|
2495 naturalgas naturalgas_HHV # includes energy from condensation
|
|
|
2496 # combustion products. LHV is for Lower
|
|
|
2497 # Heating Value and excludes these.
|
|
|
2498 # American publications typically report
|
|
|
2499 # HHV whereas European ones report LHV.
|
|
|
2500 charcoal 30 GJ/tonne
|
|
|
2501 woodenergy_dry 20 GJ/tonne # HHV, a cord weights about a tonne
|
|
|
2502 woodenergy_airdry 15 GJ/tonne # 20% moisture content
|
|
|
2503 coal_bituminous 27 GJ / tonne
|
|
|
2504 coal_lignite 15 GJ / tonne
|
|
|
2505 coal_US 22 GJ / ton # Average for US coal (short ton), 1995
|
|
|
2506 ethanol_HHV 84000 btu/usgallon
|
|
|
2507 ethanol_LHV 75700 btu/usgallon
|
|
|
2508 diesel 130500 btu/usgallon
|
|
|
2509 gasoline_LHV 115000 btu/usgallon
|
|
|
2510 gasoline_HHV 125000 btu/usgallon
|
|
|
2511 gasoline gasoline_HHV
|
|
|
2512 heating 37.3 MJ/liter
|
|
|
2513 fueloil 39.7 MJ/liter # low sulphur
|
|
|
2514 propane 93.3 MJ/m^3
|
|
|
2515 butane 124 MJ/m^3
|
|
|
2516
|
|
|
2517 # These values give total energy from uranium fission. Actual efficiency
|
|
|
2518 # of nuclear power plants is around 30%-40%. Note also that some reactors
|
|
|
2519 # use enriched uranium around 3% U-235. Uranium during processing or use
|
|
|
2520 # may be in a compound of uranium oxide or uranium hexafluoride, in which
|
|
|
2521 # case the energy density would be lower depending on how much uranium is
|
|
|
2522 # in the compound.
|
|
|
2523
|
|
|
2524 uranium_pure 200 MeV avogadro / (235.0439299 g/mol) # Pure U-235
|
|
|
2525 uranium_natural 0.7% uranium_pure # Natural uranium: 0.7% U-235
|
|
|
2526
|
|
|
2527 # Celsius heat unit: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degC
|
|
|
2528
|
|
|
2529 celsiusheatunit cal lb degC / gram K
|
|
|
2530 chu celsiusheatunit
|
|
|
2531
|
|
|
2532 POWER watt
|
|
|
2533
|
|
|
2534 # The horsepower is supposedly the power of one horse pulling. Obviously
|
|
|
2535 # different people had different horses.
|
|
|
2536
|
|
|
2537 ushorsepower 550 foot pound force / sec # Invented by James Watt
|
|
|
2538 hp horsepower
|
|
|
2539 metrichorsepower 75 kilogram force meter / sec # PS=Pferdestaerke in
|
|
|
2540 electrichorsepower 746 W # Germany
|
|
|
2541 boilerhorsepower 9809.50 W
|
|
|
2542 waterhorsepower 746.043 W
|
|
|
2543 brhorsepower 745.70 W
|
|
|
2544 donkeypower 250 W
|
|
|
2545 chevalvapeur metrichorsepower
|
|
|
2546
|
|
|
2547 # Thermal insulance: Thermal conductivity has dimension power per area per
|
|
|
2548 # (temperature difference per length thickness) which comes out to W / K m. If
|
|
|
2549 # the thickness is fixed, then the conductance will have units of W / K m^2.
|
|
|
2550 # Thermal insulance is the reciprocal.
|
|
|
2551
|
|
|
2552 THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE POWER/AREA (TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE/LENGTH)
|
|
|
2553 THERMAL_INSULANCE 1/THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE
|
|
|
2554 THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY THERMAL_CONDUCTANCE / LENGTH
|
|
|
2555 THERMAL_INSULATION THERMAL_INSULANCE LENGTH
|
|
|
2556 Rvalue degF ft^2 hr / btu
|
|
|
2557 Uvalue 1/Rvalue
|
|
|
2558 europeanUvalue watt / m^2 K
|
|
|
2559 RSI degC m^2 / W
|
|
|
2560 clo 0.155 degC m^2 / W # Supposed to be the insulance
|
|
|
2561 # required to keep a resting person
|
|
|
2562 # comfortable indoors. The value
|
|
|
2563 # given is from NIST and the CRC,
|
|
|
2564 # but [5] gives a slightly different
|
|
|
2565 # value of 0.875 ft^2 degF hr / btu.
|
|
|
2566 tog 0.1 degC m^2 / W # Also used for clothing.
|
|
|
2567
|
|
|
2568
|
|
|
2569 # The bel was defined by engineers of Bell Laboratories to describe the
|
|
|
2570 # reduction in audio level over a length of one mile. It was originally
|
|
|
2571 # called the transmission unit (TU) but was renamed around 1923 to honor
|
|
|
2572 # Alexander Graham Bell. The bel proved inconveniently large so the decibel
|
|
|
2573 # has become more common. The decibel is dimensionless since it reports a
|
|
|
2574 # ratio, but it is used in various contexts to report a signal's power
|
|
|
2575 # relative to some reference level.
|
|
|
2576
|
|
|
2577 bel(x) [1;1] 10^(x); log(bel) # Basic bel definition
|
|
|
2578 decibel(x) [1;1] 10^(x/10); 10 log(decibel) # Basic decibel definition
|
|
|
2579 dB(x) [1;1] 10^(x/10); 10 log(dB) # Abbreviation
|
|
|
2580 dBW(x) [1;W] dB(x) W ; ~dB(dBW/W) # Reference = 1 W
|
|
|
2581 dBk(x) [1;W] dB(x) kW ; ~dB(dBk/kW) # Reference = 1 kW
|
|
|
2582 dBf(x) [1;W] dB(x) fW ; ~dB(dBf/fW) # Reference = 1 fW
|
|
|
2583 dBm(x) [1;W] dB(x) mW ; ~dB(dBm/mW) # Reference = 1 mW
|
|
|
2584 dBmW(x) [1;W] dBm(x) ; ~dBm(dBmW) # Reference = 1 mW
|
|
|
2585
|
|
|
2586 dBJ(x) [1;J] dB(x) J; ~dB(dBJ/J) # Energy relative to 1 joule
|
|
|
2587 # Used for power spectral density
|
|
|
2588 # since W/Hz = J
|
|
|
2589
|
|
|
2590 # When used to measure amplitude, voltage, or current the signal is squared
|
|
|
2591 # because power is proportional to the square of these measures. The root
|
|
|
2592 # mean square (RMS) voltage is typically used with these units.
|
|
|
2593
|
|
|
2594 dBV(x) [1;V] dB(0.5 x) V ; ~dB(dBV^2 / V^2) # Reference = 1 V
|
|
|
2595 dBmV(x) [1;V] dB(0.5 x) mV ; ~dB(dBmV^2 / mV^2) # Reference = 1 mV
|
|
|
2596 dBuV(x) [1;V] dB(0.5 x) microV ; ~dB(dBuV^2 / microV^2) # Ref = 1 microvolt
|
|
|
2597
|
|
|
2598 # Referenced to the voltage that causes 1 mW dissipation in a 600 ohm load.
|
|
|
2599 # Originally defined as dBv but changed to prevent confusion with dBV.
|
|
|
2600 # The "u" is for unloaded.
|
|
|
2601 dBu(x) [1;V] dB(0.5 x) sqrt(mW 600 ohm) ; ~dB(dBu^2 / mW 600 ohm)
|
|
|
2602 dBv(x) [1;V] dBu(x) ; ~dBu(dBv) # Synonym for dBu
|
|
|
2603
|
|
|
2604
|
|
|
2605 # Measurements for sound in air, referenced to the threshold of human hearing
|
|
|
2606 # Note that sound in other media typically uses 1 micropascal as a reference
|
|
|
2607 # for sound pressure. Units dBA, dBB, dBC, refer to different frequency
|
|
|
2608 # weightings meant to approximate the human ear's response.
|
|
|
2609
|
|
|
2610 dBSPL(x) [1;Pa] dB(0.5 x) 20 microPa ; ~dB(dBSPL^2 / (20 microPa)^2) # pressure
|
|
|
2611 dBSIL(x) [1;W/m^2] dB(x) 1e-12 W/m^2; ~dB(dBSIL / (1e-12 W/m^2)) # intensity
|
|
|
2612 dBSWL(x) [1;W] dB(x) 1e-12 W; ~dB(dBSWL/1e-12 W)
|
|
|
2613
|
|
|
2614
|
|
|
2615
|
|
|
2616 # Misc other measures
|
|
|
2617
|
|
|
2618 ENTROPY ENERGY / TEMPERATURE
|
|
|
2619 clausius 1e3 cal/K # A unit of physical entropy
|
|
|
2620 langley thermcalorie/cm^2 # Used in radiation theory
|
|
|
2621 poncelet 100 kg force m / s
|
|
|
2622 tonrefrigeration ton 144 btu / lb day # One ton refrigeration is
|
|
|
2623 # the rate of heat extraction required
|
|
|
2624 # turn one ton of water to ice in
|
|
|
2625 # a day. Ice is defined to have a
|
|
|
2626 # latent heat of 144 btu/lb.
|
|
|
2627 tonref tonrefrigeration
|
|
|
2628 refrigeration tonref / ton
|
|
|
2629 frigorie 1000 cal_fifteen# Used in refrigeration engineering.
|
|
|
2630 tnt 1e9 cal_th / ton# So you can write tons-tnt. This
|
|
|
2631 # is a defined, not measured, value.
|
|
|
2632 airwatt 8.5 (ft^3/min) inH2O # Measure of vacuum power as
|
|
|
2633 # pressure times air flow.
|
|
|
2634
|
|
|
2635 #
|
|
|
2636 # Permeability: The permeability or permeance, n, of a substance determines
|
|
|
2637 # how fast vapor flows through the substance. The formula W = n A dP
|
|
|
2638 # holds where W is the rate of flow (in mass/time), n is the permeability,
|
|
|
2639 # A is the area of the flow path, and dP is the vapor pressure difference.
|
|
|
2640 #
|
|
|
2641
|
|
|
2642 perm_0C grain / hr ft^2 inHg
|
|
|
2643 perm_zero perm_0C
|
|
|
2644 perm_0 perm_0C
|
|
|
2645 perm perm_0C
|
|
|
2646 perm_23C grain / hr ft^2 in Hg23C
|
|
|
2647 perm_twentythree perm_23C
|
|
|
2648
|
|
|
2649 #
|
|
|
2650 # Counting measures
|
|
|
2651 #
|
|
|
2652
|
|
|
2653 pair 2
|
|
|
2654 brace 2
|
|
|
2655 nest 3 # often used for items like bowls that
|
|
|
2656 # nest together
|
|
|
2657 hattrick 3 # Used in sports, especially cricket and ice
|
|
|
2658 # hockey to report the number of goals.
|
|
|
2659 dicker 10
|
|
|
2660 dozen 12
|
|
|
2661 bakersdozen 13
|
|
|
2662 score 20
|
|
|
2663 flock 40
|
|
|
2664 timer 40
|
|
|
2665 shock 60
|
|
|
2666 toncount 100 # Used in sports in the UK
|
|
|
2667 longhundred 120 # From a germanic counting system
|
|
|
2668 gross 144
|
|
|
2669 greatgross 12 gross
|
|
|
2670 tithe 1|10 # From Anglo-Saxon word for tenth
|
|
|
2671
|
|
|
2672 # Paper counting measure
|
|
|
2673
|
|
|
2674 shortquire 24
|
|
|
2675 quire 25
|
|
|
2676 shortream 480
|
|
|
2677 ream 500
|
|
|
2678 perfectream 516
|
|
|
2679 bundle 2 reams
|
|
|
2680 bale 5 bundles
|
|
|
2681
|
|
|
2682 #
|
|
|
2683 # Paper measures
|
|
|
2684 #
|
|
|
2685
|
|
|
2686 # USA paper sizes
|
|
|
2687
|
|
|
2688 lettersize 8.5 inch 11 inch
|
|
|
2689 legalsize 8.5 inch 14 inch
|
|
|
2690 ledgersize 11 inch 17 inch
|
|
|
2691 executivesize 7.25 inch 10.5 inch
|
|
|
2692 Apaper 8.5 inch 11 inch
|
|
|
2693 Bpaper 11 inch 17 inch
|
|
|
2694 Cpaper 17 inch 22 inch
|
|
|
2695 Dpaper 22 inch 34 inch
|
|
|
2696 Epaper 34 inch 44 inch
|
|
|
2697
|
|
|
2698 pointthickness mil
|
|
|
2699
|
|
|
2700 # The metric paper sizes are defined so that if a sheet is cut in half
|
|
|
2701 # along the short direction, the result is two sheets which are
|
|
|
2702 # similar to the original sheet. This means that for any metric size,
|
|
|
2703 # the long side is close to sqrt(2) times the length of the short
|
|
|
2704 # side. Each series of sizes is generated by repeated cuts in half,
|
|
|
2705 # with the values rounded down to the nearest millimeter.
|
|
|
2706
|
|
|
2707 A0paper 841 mm 1189 mm # The basic size in the A series
|
|
|
2708 A1paper 594 mm 841 mm # is defined to have an area of
|
|
|
2709 A2paper 420 mm 594 mm # one square meter.
|
|
|
2710 A3paper 297 mm 420 mm
|
|
|
2711 A4paper 210 mm 297 mm
|
|
|
2712 A5paper 148 mm 210 mm
|
|
|
2713 A6paper 105 mm 148 mm
|
|
|
2714 A7paper 74 mm 105 mm
|
|
|
2715 A8paper 52 mm 74 mm
|
|
|
2716 A9paper 37 mm 52 mm
|
|
|
2717 A10paper 26 mm 37 mm
|
|
|
2718
|
|
|
2719 B0paper 1000 mm 1414 mm # The basic B size has an area
|
|
|
2720 B1paper 707 mm 1000 mm # of sqrt(2) square meters.
|
|
|
2721 B2paper 500 mm 707 mm
|
|
|
2722 B3paper 353 mm 500 mm
|
|
|
2723 B4paper 250 mm 353 mm
|
|
|
2724 B5paper 176 mm 250 mm
|
|
|
2725 B6paper 125 mm 176 mm
|
|
|
2726 B7paper 88 mm 125 mm
|
|
|
2727 B8paper 62 mm 88 mm
|
|
|
2728 B9paper 44 mm 62 mm
|
|
|
2729 B10paper 31 mm 44 mm
|
|
|
2730
|
|
|
2731 C0paper 917 mm 1297 mm # The basic C size has an area
|
|
|
2732 C1paper 648 mm 917 mm # of sqrt(sqrt(2)) square meters.
|
|
|
2733 C2paper 458 mm 648 mm
|
|
|
2734 C3paper 324 mm 458 mm # Intended for envelope sizes
|
|
|
2735 C4paper 229 mm 324 mm
|
|
|
2736 C5paper 162 mm 229 mm
|
|
|
2737 C6paper 114 mm 162 mm
|
|
|
2738 C7paper 81 mm 114 mm
|
|
|
2739 C8paper 57 mm 81 mm
|
|
|
2740 C9paper 40 mm 57 mm
|
|
|
2741 C10paper 28 mm 40 mm
|
|
|
2742
|
|
|
2743 # gsm (Grams per Square Meter), a sane, metric paper weight measure
|
|
|
2744
|
|
|
2745 gsm grams / meter^2
|
|
|
2746
|
|
|
2747 # In the USA, a collection of crazy historical paper measures are used. Paper
|
|
|
2748 # is measured as a weight of a ream of that particular type of paper. This is
|
|
|
2749 # sometimes called the "substance" or "basis" (as in "substance 20" paper).
|
|
|
2750 # The standard sheet size or "basis size" varies depending on the type of
|
|
|
2751 # paper. As a result, 20 pound bond paper and 50 pound text paper are actually
|
|
|
2752 # about the same weight. The different sheet sizes were historically the most
|
|
|
2753 # convenient for printing or folding in the different applications. These
|
|
|
2754 # different basis weights are standards maintained by American Society for
|
|
|
2755 # Testing Materials (ASTM) and the American Forest and Paper Association
|
|
|
2756 # (AF&PA).
|
|
|
2757
|
|
|
2758 poundbookpaper lb / 25 inch 38 inch ream
|
|
|
2759 lbbook poundbookpaper
|
|
|
2760 poundtextpaper poundbookpaper
|
|
|
2761 lbtext poundtextpaper
|
|
|
2762 poundoffsetpaper poundbookpaper # For offset printing
|
|
|
2763 lboffset poundoffsetpaper
|
|
|
2764 poundbiblepaper poundbookpaper # Designed to be lightweight, thin,
|
|
|
2765 lbbible poundbiblepaper # strong and opaque.
|
|
|
2766 poundtagpaper lb / 24 inch 36 inch ream
|
|
|
2767 lbtag poundtagpaper
|
|
|
2768 poundbagpaper poundtagpaper
|
|
|
2769 lbbag poundbagpaper
|
|
|
2770 poundnewsprintpaper poundtagpaper
|
|
|
2771 lbnewsprint poundnewsprintpaper
|
|
|
2772 poundposterpaper poundtagpaper
|
|
|
2773 lbposter poundposterpaper
|
|
|
2774 poundtissuepaper poundtagpaper
|
|
|
2775 lbtissue poundtissuepaper
|
|
|
2776 poundwrappingpaper poundtagpaper
|
|
|
2777 lbwrapping poundwrappingpaper
|
|
|
2778 poundwaxingpaper poundtagpaper
|
|
|
2779 lbwaxing poundwaxingpaper
|
|
|
2780 poundglassinepaper poundtagpaper
|
|
|
2781 lbglassine poundglassinepaper
|
|
|
2782 poundcoverpaper lb / 20 inch 26 inch ream
|
|
|
2783 lbcover poundcoverpaper
|
|
|
2784 poundindexpaper lb / 25.5 inch 30.5 inch ream
|
|
|
2785 lbindex poundindexpaper
|
|
|
2786 poundindexbristolpaper poundindexpaper
|
|
|
2787 lbindexbristol poundindexpaper
|
|
|
2788 poundbondpaper lb / 17 inch 22 inch ream # Bond paper is stiff and
|
|
|
2789 lbbond poundbondpaper # durable for repeated
|
|
|
2790 poundwritingpaper poundbondpaper # filing, and it resists
|
|
|
2791 lbwriting poundwritingpaper # ink penetration.
|
|
|
2792 poundledgerpaper poundbondpaper
|
|
|
2793 lbledger poundledgerpaper
|
|
|
2794 poundcopypaper poundbondpaper
|
|
|
2795 lbcopy poundcopypaper
|
|
|
2796 poundblottingpaper lb / 19 inch 24 inch ream
|
|
|
2797 lbblotting poundblottingpaper
|
|
|
2798 poundblankspaper lb / 22 inch 28 inch ream
|
|
|
2799 lbblanks poundblankspaper
|
|
|
2800 poundpostcardpaper lb / 22.5 inch 28.5 inch ream
|
|
|
2801 lbpostcard poundpostcardpaper
|
|
|
2802 poundweddingbristol poundpostcardpaper
|
|
|
2803 lbweddingbristol poundweddingbristol
|
|
|
2804 poundbristolpaper poundweddingbristol
|
|
|
2805 lbbristol poundbristolpaper
|
|
|
2806 poundboxboard lb / 1000 ft^2
|
|
|
2807 lbboxboard poundboxboard
|
|
|
2808 poundpaperboard poundboxboard
|
|
|
2809 lbpaperboard poundpaperboard
|
|
|
2810
|
|
|
2811 # When paper is marked in units of M, it means the weight of 1000 sheets of the
|
|
|
2812 # given size of paper. To convert this to paper weight, divide by the size of
|
|
|
2813 # the paper in question.
|
|
|
2814
|
|
|
2815 paperM lb / 1000
|
|
|
2816
|
|
|
2817 # In addition paper weight is reported in "caliper" which is simply the
|
|
|
2818 # thickness of one sheet, typically in inches. Thickness is also reported in
|
|
|
2819 # "points" where a point is 1|1000 inch. These conversions are supplied to
|
|
|
2820 # convert these units roughly (using an approximate density) into the standard
|
|
|
2821 # paper weight values.
|
|
|
2822
|
|
|
2823 paperdensity 0.8 g/cm^3 # approximate--paper densities vary!
|
|
|
2824 papercaliper in paperdensity
|
|
|
2825 paperpoint 0.001 in paperdensity
|
|
|
2826
|
|
|
2827 #
|
|
|
2828 # Printing
|
|
|
2829 #
|
|
|
2830
|
|
|
2831 fournierpoint 0.1648 inch / 12 # First definition of the printers
|
|
|
2832 # point made by Pierre Fournier who
|
|
|
2833 # defined it in 1737 as 1|12 of a
|
|
|
2834 # cicero which was 0.1648 inches.
|
|
|
2835 olddidotpoint 1|72 frenchinch # François Ambroise Didot, one of
|
|
|
2836 # a family of printers, changed
|
|
|
2837 # Fournier's definition around 1770
|
|
|
2838 # to fit to the French units then in
|
|
|
2839 # use.
|
|
|
2840 bertholdpoint 1|2660 m # H. Berthold tried to create a
|
|
|
2841 # metric version of the didot point
|
|
|
2842 # in 1878.
|
|
|
2843 INpoint 0.4 mm # This point was created by a
|
|
|
2844 # group directed by Fermin Didot in
|
|
|
2845 # 1881 and is associated with the
|
|
|
2846 # imprimerie nationale. It doesn't
|
|
|
2847 # seem to have been used much.
|
|
|
2848 germandidotpoint 0.376065 mm # Exact definition appears in DIN
|
|
|
2849 # 16507, a German standards document
|
|
|
2850 # of 1954. Adopted more broadly in
|
|
|
2851 # 1966 by ???
|
|
|
2852 metricpoint 3|8 mm # Proposed in 1977 by Eurograf
|
|
|
2853 oldpoint 1|72.27 inch # The American point was invented
|
|
|
2854 printerspoint oldpoint # by Nelson Hawks in 1879 and
|
|
|
2855 texpoint oldpoint # dominates USA publishing.
|
|
|
2856 # It was standardized by the American
|
|
|
2857 # Typefounders Association at the
|
|
|
2858 # value of 0.013837 inches exactly.
|
|
|
2859 # Knuth uses the approximation given
|
|
|
2860 # here (which is very close). The
|
|
|
2861 # comp.fonts FAQ claims that this
|
|
|
2862 # value is supposed to be 1|12 of a
|
|
|
2863 # pica where 83 picas is equal to 35
|
|
|
2864 # cm. But this value differs from
|
|
|
2865 # the standard.
|
|
|
2866 texscaledpoint 1|65536 texpoint # The TeX typesetting system uses
|
|
|
2867 texsp texscaledpoint # this for all computations.
|
|
|
2868 computerpoint 1|72 inch # The American point was rounded
|
|
|
2869 point computerpoint
|
|
|
2870 computerpica 12 computerpoint # to an even 1|72 inch by computer
|
|
|
2871 postscriptpoint computerpoint # people at some point.
|
|
|
2872 pspoint postscriptpoint
|
|
|
2873 twip 1|20 point # TWentieth of an Imperial Point
|
|
|
2874 Q 1|4 mm # Used in Japanese phototypesetting
|
|
|
2875 # Q is for quarter
|
|
|
2876 frenchprinterspoint olddidotpoint
|
|
|
2877 didotpoint germandidotpoint # This seems to be the dominant value
|
|
|
2878 europeanpoint didotpoint # for the point used in Europe
|
|
|
2879 cicero 12 didotpoint
|
|
|
2880
|
|
|
2881 stick 2 inches
|
|
|
2882
|
|
|
2883 # Type sizes
|
|
|
2884
|
|
|
2885 excelsior 3 oldpoint
|
|
|
2886 brilliant 3.5 oldpoint
|
|
|
2887 diamondtype 4 oldpoint
|
|
|
2888 pearl 5 oldpoint
|
|
|
2889 agate 5.5 oldpoint # Originally agate type was 14 lines per
|
|
|
2890 # inch, giving a value of 1|14 in.
|
|
|
2891 ruby agate # British
|
|
|
2892 nonpareil 6 oldpoint
|
|
|
2893 mignonette 6.5 oldpoint
|
|
|
2894 emerald mignonette # British
|
|
|
2895 minion 7 oldpoint
|
|
|
2896 brevier 8 oldpoint
|
|
|
2897 bourgeois 9 oldpoint
|
|
|
2898 longprimer 10 oldpoint
|
|
|
2899 smallpica 11 oldpoint
|
|
|
2900 pica 12 oldpoint
|
|
|
2901 english 14 oldpoint
|
|
|
2902 columbian 16 oldpoint
|
|
|
2903 greatprimer 18 oldpoint
|
|
|
2904 paragon 20 oldpoint
|
|
|
2905 meridian 44 oldpoint
|
|
|
2906 canon 48 oldpoint
|
|
|
2907
|
|
|
2908 # German type sizes
|
|
|
2909
|
|
|
2910 nonplusultra 2 didotpoint
|
|
|
2911 brillant 3 didotpoint
|
|
|
2912 diamant 4 didotpoint
|
|
|
2913 perl 5 didotpoint
|
|
|
2914 nonpareille 6 didotpoint
|
|
|
2915 kolonel 7 didotpoint
|
|
|
2916 petit 8 didotpoint
|
|
|
2917 borgis 9 didotpoint
|
|
|
2918 korpus 10 didotpoint
|
|
|
2919 corpus korpus
|
|
|
2920 garamond korpus
|
|
|
2921 mittel 14 didotpoint
|
|
|
2922 tertia 16 didotpoint
|
|
|
2923 text 18 didotpoint
|
|
|
2924 kleine_kanon 32 didotpoint
|
|
|
2925 kanon 36 didotpoint
|
|
|
2926 grobe_kanon 42 didotpoint
|
|
|
2927 missal 48 didotpoint
|
|
|
2928 kleine_sabon 72 didotpoint
|
|
|
2929 grobe_sabon 84 didotpoint
|
|
|
2930
|
|
|
2931 #
|
|
|
2932 # Information theory units. Note that the name "entropy" is used both
|
|
|
2933 # to measure information and as a physical quantity.
|
|
|
2934 #
|
|
|
2935
|
|
|
2936 INFORMATION bit
|
|
|
2937
|
|
|
2938 nat ln(2) bits # Entropy measured base e
|
|
|
2939 hartley log2(10) bits # Entropy of a uniformly
|
|
|
2940 # distributed random variable
|
|
|
2941 # over 10 symbols.
|
|
|
2942 #
|
|
|
2943 # Computer
|
|
|
2944 #
|
|
|
2945
|
|
|
2946 bps bit/sec # Sometimes the term "baud" is
|
|
|
2947 # incorrectly used to refer to
|
|
|
2948 # bits per second. Baud refers
|
|
|
2949 # to symbols per second. Modern
|
|
|
2950 # modems transmit several bits
|
|
|
2951 # per symbol.
|
|
|
2952 byte 8 bit # Not all machines had 8 bit
|
|
|
2953 B byte # bytes, but these days most of
|
|
|
2954 # them do. But beware: for
|
|
|
2955 # transmission over modems, a
|
|
|
2956 # few extra bits are used so
|
|
|
2957 # there are actually 10 bits per
|
|
|
2958 # byte.
|
|
|
2959 octet 8 bits # The octet is always 8 bits
|
|
|
2960 nybble 4 bits # Half of a byte. Sometimes
|
|
|
2961 # equal to different lengths
|
|
|
2962 # such as 3 bits.
|
|
|
2963 nibble nybble
|
|
|
2964 nyp 2 bits # Donald Knuth asks in an exercise
|
|
|
2965 # for a name for a 2 bit
|
|
|
2966 # quantity and gives the "nyp"
|
|
|
2967 # as a solution due to Gregor
|
|
|
2968 # Purdy. Not in common use.
|
|
|
2969 meg megabyte # Some people consider these
|
|
|
2970 # units along with the kilobyte
|
|
|
2971 gig gigabyte # to be defined according to
|
|
|
2972 # powers of 2 with the kilobyte
|
|
|
2973 # equal to 2^10 bytes, the
|
|
|
2974 # megabyte equal to 2^20 bytes and
|
|
|
2975 # the gigabyte equal to 2^30 bytes
|
|
|
2976 # but these usages are forbidden
|
|
|
2977 # by SI. Binary prefixes have
|
|
|
2978 # been defined by IEC to replace
|
|
|
2979 # the SI prefixes. Use them to
|
|
|
2980 # get the binary values: KiB, MiB,
|
|
|
2981 # and GiB.
|
|
|
2982 jiffy 0.01 sec # This is defined in the Jargon File
|
|
|
2983 jiffies jiffy # (http://www.jargon.org) as being the
|
|
|
2984 # duration of a clock tick for measuring
|
|
|
2985 # wall-clock time. Supposedly the value
|
|
|
2986 # used to be 1|60 sec or 1|50 sec
|
|
|
2987 # depending on the frequency of AC power,
|
|
|
2988 # but then 1|100 sec became more common.
|
|
|
2989 # On linux systems, this term is used and
|
|
|
2990 # for the Intel based chips, it does have
|
|
|
2991 # the value of .01 sec. The Jargon File
|
|
|
2992 # also lists two other definitions:
|
|
|
2993 # millisecond, and the time taken for
|
|
|
2994 # light to travel one foot.
|
|
|
2995 cdaudiospeed 44.1 kHz 2*16 bits # CD audio data rate at 44.1 kHz with 2
|
|
|
2996 # samples of sixteen bits each.
|
|
|
2997 cdromspeed 75 2048 bytes / sec # For data CDs (mode1) 75 sectors are read
|
|
|
2998 # each second with 2048 bytes per sector.
|
|
|
2999 # Audio CDs do not have sectors, but
|
|
|
3000 # people sometimes divide the bit rate by
|
|
|
3001 # 75 and claim a sector length of 2352.
|
|
|
3002 # Data CDs have a lower rate due to
|
|
|
3003 # increased error correction overhead.
|
|
|
3004 # There is a rarely used mode (mode2) with
|
|
|
3005 # 2336 bytes per sector that has fewer
|
|
|
3006 # error correction bits than mode1.
|
|
|
3007 dvdspeed 1385 kB/s # This is the "1x" speed of a DVD using
|
|
|
3008 # constant linear velocity (CLV) mode.
|
|
|
3009 # Modern DVDs may vary the linear velocity
|
|
|
3010 # as they go from the inside to the
|
|
|
3011 # outside of the disc.
|
|
|
3012 # See http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa4.htm
|
|
|
3013
|
|
|
3014
|
|
|
3015 #
|
|
|
3016 # Musical measures. Musical intervals expressed as ratios. Multiply
|
|
|
3017 # two intervals together to get the sum of the interval. The function
|
|
|
3018 # musicalcent can be used to convert ratios to cents.
|
|
|
3019 #
|
|
|
3020
|
|
|
3021 # Perfect intervals
|
|
|
3022
|
|
|
3023 octave 2
|
|
|
3024 majorsecond musicalfifth^2 / octave
|
|
|
3025 majorthird 5|4
|
|
|
3026 minorthird 6|5
|
|
|
3027 musicalfourth 4|3
|
|
|
3028 musicalfifth 3|2
|
|
|
3029 majorsixth musicalfourth majorthird
|
|
|
3030 minorsixth musicalfourth minorthird
|
|
|
3031 majorseventh musicalfifth majorthird
|
|
|
3032 minorseventh musicalfifth minorthird
|
|
|
3033
|
|
|
3034 pythagoreanthird majorsecond musicalfifth^2 / octave
|
|
|
3035 syntoniccomma pythagoreanthird / majorthird
|
|
|
3036 pythagoreancomma musicalfifth^12 / octave^7
|
|
|
3037
|
|
|
3038 # Equal tempered definitions
|
|
|
3039
|
|
|
3040 semitone octave^(1|12)
|
|
|
3041 musicalcent(x) [1;1] semitone^(x/100) ; 100 log(musicalcent)/log(semitone)
|
|
|
3042
|
|
|
3043 #
|
|
|
3044 # Musical note lengths.
|
|
|
3045 #
|
|
|
3046
|
|
|
3047 wholenote !
|
|
|
3048 MUSICAL_NOTE_LENGTH wholenote
|
|
|
3049 halfnote 1|2 wholenote
|
|
|
3050 quarternote 1|4 wholenote
|
|
|
3051 eighthnote 1|8 wholenote
|
|
|
3052 sixteenthnote 1|16 wholenote
|
|
|
3053 thirtysecondnote 1|32 wholenote
|
|
|
3054 sixtyfourthnote 1|64 wholenote
|
|
|
3055 dotted 3|2
|
|
|
3056 doubledotted 7|4
|
|
|
3057 breve doublewholenote
|
|
|
3058 semibreve wholenote
|
|
|
3059 minimnote halfnote
|
|
|
3060 crotchet quarternote
|
|
|
3061 quaver eighthnote
|
|
|
3062 semiquaver sixteenthnote
|
|
|
3063 demisemiquaver thirtysecondnote
|
|
|
3064 hemidemisemiquaver sixtyfourthnote
|
|
|
3065 semidemisemiquaver hemidemisemiquaver
|
|
|
3066
|
|
|
3067 #
|
|
|
3068 # yarn and cloth measures
|
|
|
3069 #
|
|
|
3070
|
|
|
3071 # yarn linear density
|
|
|
3072
|
|
|
3073 woolyarnrun 1600 yard/pound # 1600 yds of "number 1 yarn" weighs
|
|
|
3074 # a pound.
|
|
|
3075 yarncut 300 yard/pound # Less common system used in
|
|
|
3076 # Pennsylvania for wool yarn
|
|
|
3077 cottonyarncount 840 yard/pound
|
|
|
3078 linenyarncount 300 yard/pound # Also used for hemp and ramie
|
|
|
3079 worstedyarncount 1680 ft/pound
|
|
|
3080 metricyarncount meter/gram
|
|
|
3081 denier 1|9 tex # used for silk and rayon
|
|
|
3082 manchesteryarnnumber drams/1000 yards # old system used for silk
|
|
|
3083 pli lb/in
|
|
|
3084 typp 1000 yd/lb # abbreviation for Thousand Yard Per Pound
|
|
|
3085 asbestoscut 100 yd/lb # used for glass and asbestos yarn
|
|
|
3086
|
|
|
3087 tex gram / km # rational metric yarn measure, meant
|
|
|
3088 drex 0.1 tex # to be used for any kind of yarn
|
|
|
3089 poumar lb / 1e6 yard
|
|
|
3090
|
|
|
3091 # yarn and cloth length
|
|
|
3092
|
|
|
3093 skeincotton 80*54 inch # 80 turns of thread on a reel with a
|
|
|
3094 # 54 in circumference (varies for other
|
|
|
3095 # kinds of thread)
|
|
|
3096 cottonbolt 120 ft # cloth measurement
|
|
|
3097 woolbolt 210 ft
|
|
|
3098 bolt cottonbolt
|
|
|
3099 heer 600 yards
|
|
|
3100 cut 300 yards # used for wet-spun linen yarn
|
|
|
3101 lea 300 yards
|
|
|
3102
|
|
|
3103 sailmakersyard 28.5 in
|
|
|
3104 sailmakersounce oz / sailmakersyard 36 inch
|
|
|
3105
|
|
|
3106 silkmomme momme / 25 yards 1.49 inch # Traditional silk weight
|
|
|
3107 silkmm silkmomme # But it is also defined as
|
|
|
3108 # lb/100 yd 45 inch. The two
|
|
|
3109 # definitions are slightly different
|
|
|
3110 # and neither one seems likely to be
|
|
|
3111 # the true source definition.
|
|
|
3112
|
|
|
3113 #
|
|
|
3114 # drug dosage
|
|
|
3115 #
|
|
|
3116
|
|
|
3117 mcg microgram # Frequently used for vitamins
|
|
|
3118 iudiptheria 62.8 microgram # IU is for international unit
|
|
|
3119 iupenicillin 0.6 microgram
|
|
|
3120 iuinsulin 41.67 microgram
|
|
|
3121 drop 1|20 ml # The drop was an old "unit" that was
|
|
|
3122 # replaced by the minim. But I was
|
|
|
3123 # told by a pharmacist that in his
|
|
|
3124 # profession, the conversion of 20
|
|
|
3125 # drops per ml is actually used.
|
|
|
3126 bloodunit 450 ml # For whole blood. For blood
|
|
|
3127 # components, a blood unit is the
|
|
|
3128 # quanity of the component found in a
|
|
|
3129 # blood unit of whole blood. The
|
|
|
3130 # human body contains about 12 blood
|
|
|
3131 # units of whole blood.
|
|
|
3132
|
|
|
3133 #
|
|
|
3134 # misc medical measure
|
|
|
3135 #
|
|
|
3136
|
|
|
3137 frenchcathetersize 1|3 mm # measure used for the outer diameter
|
|
|
3138 # of a catheter
|
|
|
3139
|
|
|
3140
|
|
|
3141 #
|
|
|
3142 # fixup units for times when prefix handling doesn't do the job
|
|
|
3143 #
|
|
|
3144
|
|
|
3145 hectare hectoare
|
|
|
3146 megohm megaohm
|
|
|
3147 kilohm kiloohm
|
|
|
3148 microhm microohm
|
|
|
3149 megalerg megaerg # 'L' added to make it pronounceable [18].
|
|
|
3150
|
|
|
3151 #
|
|
|
3152 # Money
|
|
|
3153 #
|
|
|
3154 # Note that US$ is the primitive unit so other currencies are
|
|
|
3155 # generally given in US$.
|
|
|
3156 #
|
|
|
3157
|
|
|
3158 $ dollar
|
|
|
3159 mark germanymark
|
|
|
3160 bolivar venezuelabolivar
|
|
|
3161 bolivarfuerte bolivar # The currency was revalued by
|
|
|
3162 oldbolivar 1|1000 bolivar # a factor of 1000.
|
|
|
3163 peseta spainpeseta
|
|
|
3164 rand southafricarand
|
|
|
3165 escudo portugalescudo
|
|
|
3166 guilder netherlandsguilder
|
|
|
3167 hollandguilder netherlandsguilder
|
|
|
3168 peso mexicopeso
|
|
|
3169 yen japanyen
|
|
|
3170 lira italylira
|
|
|
3171 rupee indiarupee
|
|
|
3172 drachma greecedrachma
|
|
|
3173 franc francefranc
|
|
|
3174 markka finlandmarkka
|
|
|
3175 britainpound greatbritainpound
|
|
|
3176 poundsterling britainpound
|
|
|
3177 yuan chinayuan
|
|
|
3178
|
|
|
3179 # Some European currencies have permanent fixed exchange rates with
|
|
|
3180 # the Euro. These rates were taken from the EC's web site:
|
|
|
3181 # http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/adoption/conversion/index_en.htm
|
|
|
3182
|
|
|
3183 austriaschilling 1|13.7603 euro
|
|
|
3184 belgiumfranc 1|40.3399 euro
|
|
|
3185 estoniakroon 1|15.6466 euro # Equal to 1|8 germanymark
|
|
|
3186 finlandmarkka 1|5.94573 euro
|
|
|
3187 francefranc 1|6.55957 euro
|
|
|
3188 germanymark 1|1.95583 euro
|
|
|
3189 greecedrachma 1|340.75 euro
|
|
|
3190 irelandpunt 1|0.787564 euro
|
|
|
3191 italylira 1|1936.27 euro
|
|
|
3192 luxembourgfranc 1|40.3399 euro
|
|
|
3193 netherlandsguilder 1|2.20371 euro
|
|
|
3194 portugalescudo 1|200.482 euro
|
|
|
3195 spainpeseta 1|166.386 euro
|
|
|
3196 cypruspound 1|0.585274 euro
|
|
|
3197 maltalira 1|0.429300 euro
|
|
|
3198 sloveniatolar 1|239.640 euro
|
|
|
3199 slovakiakoruna 1|30.1260 euro
|
|
|
3200
|
|
|
3201 # Currencey exchange rates for 10 Feb 2010
|
|
|
3202
|
|
|
3203 unitedarabemiratesdirham 0.2722 US$
|
|
|
3204 afghanistanafghani 0.02224 US$
|
|
|
3205 albanialek 0.009902 US$
|
|
|
3206 armeniadram 0.00264 US$
|
|
|
3207 netherlandsantillesguilder 0.5587 US$
|
|
|
3208 angolakwanza 0.01108 US$
|
|
|
3209 argentinapeso 0.2603 US$
|
|
|
3210 australiadollar 0.8855 US$
|
|
|
3211 arubaguilders 0.5587 US$
|
|
|
3212 azerbaijannewmanat 1.2449 US$
|
|
|
3213 bosniamarka 0.7028 US$
|
|
|
3214 barbadosdollar 0.4988 US$
|
|
|
3215 bangladeshtaka 0.01445 US$
|
|
|
3216 bulgarialev 0.7 US$
|
|
|
3217 bahraindinar 2.652 US$
|
|
|
3218 burundifranc 0.000823 US$
|
|
|
3219 bermudadollar 1 US$
|
|
|
3220 bruneidollar 0.7066 US$
|
|
|
3221 boliviaboliviano 0.1425 US$
|
|
|
3222 brazilreal 0.5404 US$
|
|
|
3223 bahamasdollar 1 US$
|
|
|
3224 bhutanngultrum 0.02151 US$
|
|
|
3225 botswanapula 0.1455 US$
|
|
|
3226 belarusruble 0.000345 US$
|
|
|
3227 belizedollar 0.5128 US$
|
|
|
3228 canadadollar 0.9444 US$
|
|
|
3229 congofranc 0.001099 US$
|
|
|
3230 switzerlandfranc 0.9391 US$
|
|
|
3231 chilepeso 0.001871 US$
|
|
|
3232 chinayuan 0.1465 US$
|
|
|
3233 colombiapeso 0.000511 US$
|
|
|
3234 costaricacolon 0.001803 US$
|
|
|
3235 cubapeso 1 US$
|
|
|
3236 capeverdeescudo 0.01351 US$
|
|
|
3237 czechkoruny 5.2772 US$
|
|
|
3238 djiboutifranc 0.005595 US$
|
|
|
3239 denmarkkroner 18.498 US$
|
|
|
3240 dominicanrepublicpeso 0.02755 US$
|
|
|
3241 algeriadinar 0.01371 US$
|
|
|
3242 egyptpound 0.1822 US$
|
|
|
3243 eritreanakfa 0.06622 US$
|
|
|
3244 ethiopiabirr 0.07469 US$
|
|
|
3245 euro 1.3774 US$
|
|
|
3246 fijidollar 0.5099 US$
|
|
|
3247 falklandislandspound 1.5628 US$
|
|
|
3248 greatbritainpound 1.5626 US$
|
|
|
3249 georgialari 0.5856 US$
|
|
|
3250 ghanacedi 0.703 US$
|
|
|
3251 gibraltarpound 1.5628 US$
|
|
|
3252 gambiadalasi 0.03737 US$
|
|
|
3253 guineafranc 0.000199 US$
|
|
|
3254 guatemalaquetzal 0.1221 US$
|
|
|
3255 guyanadollar 0.004862 US$
|
|
|
3256 hongkongdollar 0.1287 US$
|
|
|
3257 honduraslempira 0.05292 US$
|
|
|
3258 croatiakuna 0.1883 US$
|
|
|
3259 haitigourdes 0.02516 US$
|
|
|
3260 hungaryforint 0.005075 US$
|
|
|
3261 indonesiarupiah 0.01068 US$
|
|
|
3262 israelnewshekel 0.2667 US$
|
|
|
3263 indiarupee 0.02157 US$
|
|
|
3264 iraqdinar 0.000858 US$
|
|
|
3265 iranrial 0.000102 US$
|
|
|
3266 icelandkrona 0.007822 US$
|
|
|
3267 jamaicadollar 0.01122 US$
|
|
|
3268 jordandinar 1.4085 US$
|
|
|
3269 japanyen 0.0111 US$
|
|
|
3270 kenyashilling 0.0131 US$
|
|
|
3271 kyrgyzstansom 0.02239 US$
|
|
|
3272 cambodiariel 0.00024 US$
|
|
|
3273 comorosfranc 0.002799 US$
|
|
|
3274 northkoreawon 0.001111 US$
|
|
|
3275 kuwaitdinar 3.4697 US$
|
|
|
3276 caymanislandsdollar 1.2183 US$
|
|
|
3277 kazakhstantenge 0.006747 US$
|
|
|
3278 laoskip 0.000118 US$
|
|
|
3279 lebanonpound 0.000666 US$
|
|
|
3280 srilankarupee 0.008715 US$
|
|
|
3281 liberiadollar 0.01405 US$
|
|
|
3282 lesothomaloti 0.1297 US$
|
|
|
3283 lithuanialitai 0.399 US$
|
|
|
3284 latvialatas 1.9421 US$
|
|
|
3285 libyadinar 0.7977 US$
|
|
|
3286 moroccodirham 0.1226 US$
|
|
|
3287 moldovaleu 0.07803 US$
|
|
|
3288 madagascarariary 0.000468 US$
|
|
|
3289 macedoniadenar 0.02231 US$
|
|
|
3290 myanmarkyat 0.1536 US$
|
|
|
3291 mongoliatugrik 0.000693 US$
|
|
|
3292 macaupataca 0.125 US$
|
|
|
3293 mauritaniaouguiya 0.003824 US$
|
|
|
3294 mauritiusrupee 0.03279 US$
|
|
|
3295 maldivesrufiyaa 0.07813 US$
|
|
|
3296 malawikwacha 0.006632 US$
|
|
|
3297 mexicopeso 0.07639 US$
|
|
|
3298 malaysiaringgit 0.2921 US$
|
|
|
3299 mozambiquemeticai 0.0316 US$
|
|
|
3300 namibiadollar 0.1296 US$
|
|
|
3301 nigerianaira 0.006631 US$
|
|
|
3302 nicaraguacordoba 0.0477 US$
|
|
|
3303 norwaykrone 0.1695 US$
|
|
|
3304 nepalnepalrupee 0.01342 US$
|
|
|
3305 newzealanddollar 0.6967 US$
|
|
|
3306 omanrial 2.5971 US$
|
|
|
3307 panamabalboa 1 US$
|
|
|
3308 perusol 0.3486 US$
|
|
|
3309 papuanewguineakina 0.3754 US$
|
|
|
3310 philippinespeso 0.02157 US$
|
|
|
3311 pakistanrupee 0.01179 US$
|
|
|
3312 polandzloty 0.3389 US$
|
|
|
3313 paraguayguarani 0.000213 US$
|
|
|
3314 qatarrial 0.2747 US$
|
|
|
3315 romanialeu 0.3338 US$
|
|
|
3316 serbiadinar 0.01393 US$
|
|
|
3317 russiaruble 0.03304 US$
|
|
|
3318 rwandafranc 0.001745 US$
|
|
|
3319 saudiarabiariyal 0.2667 US$
|
|
|
3320 solomonislandsdollar 0.1273 US$
|
|
|
3321 seychellesrupee 0.08753 US$
|
|
|
3322 sudanpound 0.4464 US$
|
|
|
3323 swedenkronor 13.719 US$
|
|
|
3324 singaporedollar 0.7065 US$
|
|
|
3325 sainthelenapound 1.5627 US$
|
|
|
3326 sierraleoneleone 0.000255 US$
|
|
|
3327 somaliashilling 0.000669 US$
|
|
|
3328 surinamedollar 0.3635 US$
|
|
|
3329 saotomedobra 6.427e-05 US$
|
|
|
3330 elsalvadorcolon 0.1143 US$
|
|
|
3331 syriapound 0.02179 US$
|
|
|
3332 swazilandemalangeni 0.1297 US$
|
|
|
3333 thailandbaht 0.03016 US$
|
|
|
3334 tajikistansomoni 0.229 US$
|
|
|
3335 tunisiadinar 0.7275 US$
|
|
|
3336 tongapa'anga 0.517 US$
|
|
|
3337 turkeynewlira 0.6597 US$
|
|
|
3338 trinidadandtobagodollar 0.1579 US$
|
|
|
3339 taiwandollars 0.03119 US$
|
|
|
3340 tanzaniashilling 0.000741 US$
|
|
|
3341 ukrainehryvnia 0.1239 US$
|
|
|
3342 ugandashilling 0.000505 US$
|
|
|
3343 unitedstatesdollar 1 US$
|
|
|
3344 uruguaypeso 0.05079 US$
|
|
|
3345 uzbekistansum 0.000653 US$
|
|
|
3346 venezuelabolivar 0.233 US$
|
|
|
3347 vietnamdong 5.4e-05 US$
|
|
|
3348 vanuatuvatu 0.01008 US$
|
|
|
3349 samoatala 0.3885 US$
|
|
|
3350 silverounce 13.344 US$
|
|
|
3351 goldounce 1076.6 US$
|
|
|
3352 eastcaribbeandollar 0.3824 US$
|
|
|
3353 palladiumounce 207.4 US$
|
|
|
3354 platinumounce 1117.7 US$
|
|
|
3355 yemenrial 0.004855 US$
|
|
|
3356 southafricarand 0.1297 US$
|
|
|
3357 zambiakwacha 0.000214 US$
|
|
|
3358 zimbabwedollar 0.002641 US$
|
|
|
3359
|
|
|
3360 # ISO Currency Codes
|
|
|
3361
|
|
|
3362 AED unitedarabemiratesdirham
|
|
|
3363 AFN afghanistanafghani
|
|
|
3364 ALL albanialek
|
|
|
3365 AMD armeniadram
|
|
|
3366 ANG netherlandsantillesguilder
|
|
|
3367 AOA angolakwanza
|
|
|
3368 ARS argentinapeso
|
|
|
3369 AUD australiadollar
|
|
|
3370 AWG arubaguilders
|
|
|
3371 AZN azerbaijannewmanat
|
|
|
3372 BAM bosniamarka
|
|
|
3373 BBD barbadosdollar
|
|
|
3374 BDT bangladeshtaka
|
|
|
3375 BGN bulgarialev
|
|
|
3376 BHD bahraindinar
|
|
|
3377 BIF burundifranc
|
|
|
3378 BMD bermudadollar
|
|
|
3379 BND bruneidollar
|
|
|
3380 BOB boliviaboliviano
|
|
|
3381 BRL brazilreal
|
|
|
3382 BSD bahamasdollar
|
|
|
3383 BTN bhutanngultrum
|
|
|
3384 BWP botswanapula
|
|
|
3385 BYR belarusruble
|
|
|
3386 BZD belizedollar
|
|
|
3387 CAD canadadollar
|
|
|
3388 CDF congofranc
|
|
|
3389 CHF switzerlandfranc
|
|
|
3390 CLP chilepeso
|
|
|
3391 CNY chinayuan
|
|
|
3392 COP colombiapeso
|
|
|
3393 CRC costaricacolon
|
|
|
3394 CUP cubapeso
|
|
|
3395 CVE capeverdeescudo
|
|
|
3396 CZK czechkoruny
|
|
|
3397 DJF djiboutifranc
|
|
|
3398 DKK denmarkkroner
|
|
|
3399 DOP dominicanrepublicpeso
|
|
|
3400 DZD algeriadinar
|
|
|
3401 EEK estoniakroon
|
|
|
3402 EGP egyptpound
|
|
|
3403 ERN eritreanakfa
|
|
|
3404 ETB ethiopiabirr
|
|
|
3405 EUR euro
|
|
|
3406 FJD fijidollar
|
|
|
3407 FKP falklandislandspound
|
|
|
3408 GBP greatbritainpound
|
|
|
3409 GEL georgialari
|
|
|
3410 GHS ghanacedi
|
|
|
3411 GIP gibraltarpound
|
|
|
3412 GMD gambiadalasi
|
|
|
3413 GNF guineafranc
|
|
|
3414 GTQ guatemalaquetzal
|
|
|
3415 GYD guyanadollar
|
|
|
3416 HKD hongkongdollar
|
|
|
3417 HNL honduraslempira
|
|
|
3418 HRK croatiakuna
|
|
|
3419 HTG haitigourdes
|
|
|
3420 HUF hungaryforint
|
|
|
3421 IDR indonesiarupiah
|
|
|
3422 ILS israelnewshekel
|
|
|
3423 INR indiarupee
|
|
|
3424 IQD iraqdinar
|
|
|
3425 IRR iranrial
|
|
|
3426 ISK icelandkrona
|
|
|
3427 JMD jamaicadollar
|
|
|
3428 JOD jordandinar
|
|
|
3429 JPY japanyen
|
|
|
3430 KES kenyashilling
|
|
|
3431 KGS kyrgyzstansom
|
|
|
3432 KHR cambodiariel
|
|
|
3433 KMF comorosfranc
|
|
|
3434 KPW northkoreawon
|
|
|
3435 KWD kuwaitdinar
|
|
|
3436 KYD caymanislandsdollar
|
|
|
3437 KZT kazakhstantenge
|
|
|
3438 LAK laoskip
|
|
|
3439 LBP lebanonpound
|
|
|
3440 LKR srilankarupee
|
|
|
3441 LRD liberiadollar
|
|
|
3442 LSL lesothomaloti
|
|
|
3443 LTL lithuanialitai
|
|
|
3444 LVL latvialatas
|
|
|
3445 LYD libyadinar
|
|
|
3446 MAD moroccodirham
|
|
|
3447 MDL moldovaleu
|
|
|
3448 MGA madagascarariary
|
|
|
3449 MKD macedoniadenar
|
|
|
3450 MMK myanmarkyat
|
|
|
3451 MNT mongoliatugrik
|
|
|
3452 MOP macaupataca
|
|
|
3453 MRO mauritaniaouguiya
|
|
|
3454 MUR mauritiusrupee
|
|
|
3455 MVR maldivesrufiyaa
|
|
|
3456 MWK malawikwacha
|
|
|
3457 MXN mexicopeso
|
|
|
3458 MYR malaysiaringgit
|
|
|
3459 MZN mozambiquemeticai
|
|
|
3460 NAD namibiadollar
|
|
|
3461 NGN nigerianaira
|
|
|
3462 NIO nicaraguacordoba
|
|
|
3463 NOK norwaykrone
|
|
|
3464 NPR nepalnepalrupee
|
|
|
3465 NZD newzealanddollar
|
|
|
3466 OMR omanrial
|
|
|
3467 PAB panamabalboa
|
|
|
3468 PEN perusol
|
|
|
3469 PGK papuanewguineakina
|
|
|
3470 PHP philippinespeso
|
|
|
3471 PKR pakistanrupee
|
|
|
3472 PLN polandzloty
|
|
|
3473 PYG paraguayguarani
|
|
|
3474 QAR qatarrial
|
|
|
3475 RON romanialeu
|
|
|
3476 RSD serbiadinar
|
|
|
3477 RUB russiaruble
|
|
|
3478 RWF rwandafranc
|
|
|
3479 SAR saudiarabiariyal
|
|
|
3480 SBD solomonislandsdollar
|
|
|
3481 SCR seychellesrupee
|
|
|
3482 SDG sudanpound
|
|
|
3483 SEK swedenkronor
|
|
|
3484 SGD singaporedollar
|
|
|
3485 SHP sainthelenapound
|
|
|
3486 SLL sierraleoneleone
|
|
|
3487 SOS somaliashilling
|
|
|
3488 SRD surinamedollar
|
|
|
3489 STD saotomedobra
|
|
|
3490 SVC elsalvadorcolon
|
|
|
3491 SYP syriapound
|
|
|
3492 SZL swazilandemalangeni
|
|
|
3493 THB thailandbaht
|
|
|
3494 TJS tajikistansomoni
|
|
|
3495 TND tunisiadinar
|
|
|
3496 TOP tongapa'anga
|
|
|
3497 TRY turkeynewlira
|
|
|
3498 TTD trinidadandtobagodollar
|
|
|
3499 TWD taiwandollars
|
|
|
3500 TZS tanzaniashilling
|
|
|
3501 UAH ukrainehryvnia
|
|
|
3502 UGX ugandashilling
|
|
|
3503 USD unitedstatesdollar
|
|
|
3504 UYU uruguaypeso
|
|
|
3505 UZS uzbekistansum
|
|
|
3506 VEF venezuelabolivar # bolivar fuerte
|
|
|
3507 VND vietnamdong
|
|
|
3508 VUV vanuatuvatu
|
|
|
3509 WST samoatala
|
|
|
3510 XAG silverounce
|
|
|
3511 XAU goldounce
|
|
|
3512 XCD eastcaribbeandollar
|
|
|
3513 XPD palladiumounce
|
|
|
3514 XPT platinumounce
|
|
|
3515 YER yemenrial
|
|
|
3516 ZAR southafricarand
|
|
|
3517 ZMK zambiakwacha
|
|
|
3518 ZWD zimbabwedollar
|
|
|
3519
|
|
|
3520 # Precious metals
|
|
|
3521
|
|
|
3522 silverprice silverounce / troyounce
|
|
|
3523 goldprice goldounce / troyounce
|
|
|
3524 palladiumprice palladiumounce / troyounce
|
|
|
3525 platinumprice platinumounce / troyounce
|
|
|
3526
|
|
|
3527
|
|
|
3528 UKP GBP # Not an ISO code, but looks like one, and
|
|
|
3529 # sometimes used on usenet.
|
|
|
3530 VEB 1|1000 VEF # old venezuelan bolivar
|
|
|
3531
|
|
|
3532
|
|
|
3533
|
|
|
3534
|
|
|
3535 # Money on the gold standard, used in the late 19th century and early
|
|
|
3536 # 20th century.
|
|
|
3537
|
|
|
3538 olddollargold 23.22 grains goldprice # Used until 1934
|
|
|
3539 newdollargold 96|7 grains goldprice # After Jan 31, 1934
|
|
|
3540 dollargold newdollargold
|
|
|
3541 poundgold 113 grains goldprice
|
|
|
3542
|
|
|
3543 # Nominal masses of US coins. Note that dimes, quarters and half dollars
|
|
|
3544 # have weight proportional to value. Before 1965 it was $40 / kg.
|
|
|
3545
|
|
|
3546 USpennyweight 2.5 grams # Since 1982, 48 grains before
|
|
|
3547 USnickelweight 5 grams
|
|
|
3548 USdimeweight 10 cents / (20 US$ / lb) # Since 1965
|
|
|
3549 USquarterweight 25 cents / (20 US$ / lb) # Since 1965
|
|
|
3550 UShalfdollarweight 50 cents / (20 US$ / lb) # Since 1971
|
|
|
3551 USdollarmass 8.1 grams
|
|
|
3552
|
|
|
3553 # British currency
|
|
|
3554
|
|
|
3555 quid britainpound # Slang names
|
|
|
3556 fiver 5 quid
|
|
|
3557 tenner 10 quid
|
|
|
3558 monkey 500 quid
|
|
|
3559 brgrand 1000 quid
|
|
|
3560 bob shilling
|
|
|
3561
|
|
|
3562 shilling 1|20 britainpound # Before decimalisation, there
|
|
|
3563 oldpence 1|12 shilling # were 20 shillings to a pound,
|
|
|
3564 farthing 1|4 oldpence # each of twelve old pence
|
|
|
3565 guinea 21 shilling # Still used in horse racing
|
|
|
3566 crown 5 shilling
|
|
|
3567 florin 2 shilling
|
|
|
3568 groat 4 oldpence
|
|
|
3569 tanner 6 oldpence
|
|
|
3570 brpenny 0.01 britainpound
|
|
|
3571 pence brpenny
|
|
|
3572 tuppence 2 pence
|
|
|
3573 tuppenny tuppence
|
|
|
3574 ha'penny halfbrpenny
|
|
|
3575 hapenny ha'penny
|
|
|
3576 oldpenny oldpence
|
|
|
3577 oldtuppence 2 oldpence
|
|
|
3578 oldtuppenny oldtuppence
|
|
|
3579 threepence 3 oldpence # threepence never refers to new money
|
|
|
3580 threepenny threepence
|
|
|
3581 oldthreepence threepence
|
|
|
3582 oldthreepenny threepence
|
|
|
3583 oldhalfpenny halfoldpenny
|
|
|
3584 oldha'penny oldhalfpenny
|
|
|
3585 oldhapenny oldha'penny
|
|
|
3586 brpony 25 britainpound
|
|
|
3587
|
|
|
3588 # Canadian currency
|
|
|
3589
|
|
|
3590 loony 1 canadadollar # This coin depicts a loon
|
|
|
3591 toony 2 canadadollar
|
|
|
3592
|
|
|
3593 #
|
|
|
3594 # Units used for measuring volume of wood
|
|
|
3595 #
|
|
|
3596
|
|
|
3597 cord 4*4*8 ft^3 # 4 ft by 4 ft by 8 ft bundle of wood
|
|
|
3598 facecord 1|2 cord
|
|
|
3599 cordfoot 1|8 cord # One foot long section of a cord
|
|
|
3600 cordfeet cordfoot
|
|
|
3601 housecord 1|3 cord # Used to sell firewood for residences,
|
|
|
3602 # often confusingly called a "cord"
|
|
|
3603 boardfoot ft^2 inch # Usually 1 inch thick wood
|
|
|
3604 boardfeet boardfoot
|
|
|
3605 fbm boardfoot # feet board measure
|
|
|
3606 stack 4 yard^3 # British, used for firewood and coal [18]
|
|
|
3607 rick 4 ft 8 ft 16 inches # Stack of firewood, supposedly
|
|
|
3608 # sometimes called a face cord, but this
|
|
|
3609 # value is equal to 1|3 cord. Name
|
|
|
3610 # comes from an old Norse word for a
|
|
|
3611 # stack of wood.
|
|
|
3612 stere m^3
|
|
|
3613 timberfoot ft^3 # Used for measuring solid blocks of wood
|
|
|
3614 standard 120 12 ft 11 in 1.5 in # This is the St Petersburg or
|
|
|
3615 # Pittsburg standard. Apparently the
|
|
|
3616 # term is short for "standard hundred"
|
|
|
3617 # which was meant to refer to 100 pieces
|
|
|
3618 # of wood (deals). However, this
|
|
|
3619 # particular standard is equal to 120
|
|
|
3620 # deals which are 12 ft by 11 in by 1.5
|
|
|
3621 # inches (not the standard deal).
|
|
|
3622
|
|
|
3623 # In Britain, the deal is apparently any piece of wood over 6 feet long, over
|
|
|
3624 # 7 wide and 2.5 inches thick. The OED doesn't give a standard size. A piece
|
|
|
3625 # of wood less than 7 inches wide is called a "batten". This unit is now used
|
|
|
3626 # exclusively for fir and pine.
|
|
|
3627
|
|
|
3628 deal 12 ft 11 in 2.5 in # The standard North American deal [OED]
|
|
|
3629 wholedeal 12 ft 11 in 1.25 in # If it's half as thick as the standard
|
|
|
3630 # deal it's called a "whole deal"!
|
|
|
3631 splitdeal 12 ft 11 in 5|8 in # And half again as thick is a split deal.
|
|
|
3632
|
|
|
3633
|
|
|
3634 #
|
|
|
3635 # Gas and Liquid flow units
|
|
|
3636 #
|
|
|
3637
|
|
|
3638 FLUID_FLOW VOLUME / TIME
|
|
|
3639
|
|
|
3640 # Some obvious volumetric gas flow units (cu is short for cubic)
|
|
|
3641
|
|
|
3642 cumec m^3/s
|
|
|
3643 cusec ft^3/s
|
|
|
3644
|
|
|
3645 # Conventional abbreviations for fluid flow units
|
|
|
3646
|
|
|
3647 gph gal/hr
|
|
|
3648 gpm gal/min
|
|
|
3649 mgd megagal/day
|
|
|
3650 cfs ft^3/s
|
|
|
3651 cfh ft^3/hour
|
|
|
3652 cfm ft^3/min
|
|
|
3653 lpm liter/min
|
|
|
3654 lfm ft/min # Used to report air flow produced by fans.
|
|
|
3655 # Multiply by cross sectional area to get a
|
|
|
3656 # flow in cfm.
|
|
|
3657
|
|
|
3658 pru mmHg / (ml/min) # peripheral resistance unit, used in
|
|
|
3659 # medicine to assess blood flow in
|
|
|
3660 # the capillaries.
|
|
|
3661
|
|
|
3662 # Miner's inch: This is an old historic unit used in the Western United
|
|
|
3663 # States. It is generally defined as the rate of flow through a one square
|
|
|
3664 # inch hole at a specified depth such as 4 inches. In the late 19th century,
|
|
|
3665 # volume of water was sometimes measured in the "24 hour inch". Values for the
|
|
|
3666 # miner's inch were fixed by state statues. (This information is from a web
|
|
|
3667 # site operated by the Nevada Division of Water Planning: The Water Words
|
|
|
3668 # Dictionary at http://www.state.nv.us/cnr/ndwp/dict-1/waterwds.htm.)
|
|
|
3669
|
|
|
3670 minersinchAZ 1.5 ft^3/min
|
|
|
3671 minersinchCA 1.5 ft^3/min
|
|
|
3672 minersinchMT 1.5 ft^3/min
|
|
|
3673 minersinchNV 1.5 ft^3/min
|
|
|
3674 minersinchOR 1.5 ft^3/min
|
|
|
3675 minersinchID 1.2 ft^3/min
|
|
|
3676 minersinchKS 1.2 ft^3/min
|
|
|
3677 minersinchNE 1.2 ft^3/min
|
|
|
3678 minersinchNM 1.2 ft^3/min
|
|
|
3679 minersinchND 1.2 ft^3/min
|
|
|
3680 minersinchSD 1.2 ft^3/min
|
|
|
3681 minersinchUT 1.2 ft^3/min
|
|
|
3682 minersinchCO 1 ft^3/sec / 38.4 # 38.4 miner's inches = 1 ft^3/sec
|
|
|
3683 minersinchBC 1.68 ft^3/min # British Columbia
|
|
|
3684
|
|
|
3685 # Oceanographic flow
|
|
|
3686
|
|
|
3687 sverdrup 1e6 m^3 / sec # Used to express flow of ocean
|
|
|
3688 # currents. Named after Norwegian
|
|
|
3689 # oceanographer H. Sverdrup.
|
|
|
3690
|
|
|
3691 # In vacuum science and some other applications, gas flow is measured
|
|
|
3692 # as the product of volumetric flow and pressure. This is useful
|
|
|
3693 # because it makes it easy to compare with the flow at standard
|
|
|
3694 # pressure (one atmosphere). It also directly relates to the number
|
|
|
3695 # of gas molecules per unit time, and hence to the mass flow if the
|
|
|
3696 # molecular mass is known.
|
|
|
3697
|
|
|
3698 GAS_FLOW PRESSURE FLUID_FLOW
|
|
|
3699
|
|
|
3700 sccm atm cc/min # 's' is for "standard" to indicate
|
|
|
3701 sccs atm cc/sec # flow at standard pressure
|
|
|
3702 scfh atm ft^3/hour #
|
|
|
3703 scfm atm ft^3/min
|
|
|
3704 slpm atm liter/min
|
|
|
3705 slph atm liter/hour
|
|
|
3706 lusec liter micron Hg / s # Used in vacuum science
|
|
|
3707
|
|
|
3708 #
|
|
|
3709 # Wire Gauge
|
|
|
3710 #
|
|
|
3711 # This area is a nightmare with huge charts of wire gauge diameters
|
|
|
3712 # that usually have no clear origin. There are at least 5 competing wire gauge
|
|
|
3713 # systems to add to the confusion. The use of wire gauge is related to the
|
|
|
3714 # manufacturing method: a metal rod is heated and drawn through a hole. The
|
|
|
3715 # size change can't be too big. To get smaller wires, the process is repeated
|
|
|
3716 # with a series of smaller holes. Generally larger gauges mean smaller wires.
|
|
|
3717 # The gauges often have values such as "00" and "000" which are larger sizes
|
|
|
3718 # than simply "0" gauge. In the tables that appear below, these gauges must be
|
|
|
3719 # specified as negative numbers (e.g. "00" is -1, "000" is -2, etc).
|
|
|
3720 # Alternatively, you can use the following units:
|
|
|
3721 #
|
|
|
3722
|
|
|
3723 g00 (-1)
|
|
|
3724 g000 (-2)
|
|
|
3725 g0000 (-3)
|
|
|
3726 g00000 (-4)
|
|
|
3727 g000000 (-5)
|
|
|
3728 g0000000 (-6)
|
|
|
3729
|
|
|
3730 # American Wire Gauge (AWG) or Brown & Sharpe Gauge appears to be the most
|
|
|
3731 # important gauge. ASTM B-258 specifies that this gauge is based on geometric
|
|
|
3732 # interpolation between gauge 0000, which is 0.46 inches exactly, and gauge 36
|
|
|
3733 # which is 0.005 inches exactly. Therefore, the diameter in inches of a wire
|
|
|
3734 # is given by the formula 1|200 92^((36-g)/39). Note that 92^(1/39) is close
|
|
|
3735 # to 2^(1/6), so diameter is approximately halved for every 6 gauges. For the
|
|
|
3736 # repeated zero values, use negative numbers in the formula. The same document
|
|
|
3737 # also specifies rounding rules which seem to be ignored by makers of tables.
|
|
|
3738 # Gauges up to 44 are to be specified with up to 4 significant figures, but no
|
|
|
3739 # closer than 0.0001 inch. Gauges from 44 to 56 are to be rounded to the
|
|
|
3740 # nearest 0.00001 inch.
|
|
|
3741 #
|
|
|
3742 # In addition to being used to measure wire thickness, this gauge is used to
|
|
|
3743 # measure the thickness of sheets of aluminum, copper, and most metals other
|
|
|
3744 # than steel, iron and zinc.
|
|
|
3745
|
|
|
3746 wiregauge(g) [;m] 1|200 92^((36+(-g))/39) in;36+(-39)ln(200 wiregauge/in)/ln(92)
|
|
|
3747
|
|
|
3748 # Next we have the SWG, the Imperial or British Standard Wire Gauge. This one
|
|
|
3749 # is piecewise linear. It was used for aluminum sheets.
|
|
|
3750
|
|
|
3751 brwiregauge[in] \
|
|
|
3752 -6 0.5 \
|
|
|
3753 -5 0.464 \
|
|
|
3754 -3 0.4 \
|
|
|
3755 -2 0.372 \
|
|
|
3756 3 0.252 \
|
|
|
3757 6 0.192 \
|
|
|
3758 10 0.128 \
|
|
|
3759 14 0.08 \
|
|
|
3760 19 0.04 \
|
|
|
3761 23 0.024 \
|
|
|
3762 26 0.018 \
|
|
|
3763 28 0.0148 \
|
|
|
3764 30 0.0124 \
|
|
|
3765 39 0.0052 \
|
|
|
3766 49 0.0012 \
|
|
|
3767 50 0.001
|
|
|
3768
|
|
|
3769 # The following is from the Appendix to ASTM B 258
|
|
|
3770 #
|
|
|
3771 # For example, in U.S. gage, the standard for sheet metal is based on the
|
|
|
3772 # weight of the metal, not on the thickness. 16-gage is listed as
|
|
|
3773 # approximately .0625 inch thick and 40 ounces per square foot (the original
|
|
|
3774 # standard was based on wrought iron at .2778 pounds per cubic inch; steel
|
|
|
3775 # has almost entirely superseded wrought iron for sheet use, at .2833 pounds
|
|
|
3776 # per cubic inch). Smaller numbers refer to greater thickness. There is no
|
|
|
3777 # formula for converting gage to thickness or weight.
|
|
|
3778 #
|
|
|
3779 # It's rather unclear from the passage above whether the plate gauge values are
|
|
|
3780 # therefore wrong if steel is being used. Reference [15] states that steel is
|
|
|
3781 # in fact measured using this gauge (under the name Manufacturers' Standard
|
|
|
3782 # Gauge) with a density of 501.84 lb/ft3 = 0.2904 lb/in3 used for steel.
|
|
|
3783 # But this doesn't seem to be the correct density of steel (.2833 lb/in3 is
|
|
|
3784 # closer).
|
|
|
3785 #
|
|
|
3786 # This gauge was established in 1893 for purposes of taxation.
|
|
|
3787
|
|
|
3788 # Old plate gauge for iron
|
|
|
3789
|
|
|
3790 plategauge[(oz/ft^2)/(480*lb/ft^3)] \
|
|
|
3791 -5 300 \
|
|
|
3792 1 180 \
|
|
|
3793 14 50 \
|
|
|
3794 16 40 \
|
|
|
3795 17 36 \
|
|
|
3796 20 24 \
|
|
|
3797 26 12 \
|
|
|
3798 31 7 \
|
|
|
3799 36 4.5 \
|
|
|
3800 38 4
|
|
|
3801
|
|
|
3802 # Manufacturers Standard Gage
|
|
|
3803
|
|
|
3804 stdgauge[(oz/ft^2)/(501.84*lb/ft^3)] \
|
|
|
3805 -5 300 \
|
|
|
3806 1 180 \
|
|
|
3807 14 50 \
|
|
|
3808 16 40 \
|
|
|
3809 17 36 \
|
|
|
3810 20 24 \
|
|
|
3811 26 12 \
|
|
|
3812 31 7 \
|
|
|
3813 36 4.5 \
|
|
|
3814 38 4
|
|
|
3815
|
|
|
3816 # A special gauge is used for zinc sheet metal. Notice that larger gauges
|
|
|
3817 # indicate thicker sheets.
|
|
|
3818
|
|
|
3819 zincgauge[in] \
|
|
|
3820 1 0.002 \
|
|
|
3821 10 0.02 \
|
|
|
3822 15 0.04 \
|
|
|
3823 19 0.06 \
|
|
|
3824 23 0.1 \
|
|
|
3825 24 0.125 \
|
|
|
3826 27 0.5 \
|
|
|
3827 28 1
|
|
|
3828
|
|
|
3829 #
|
|
|
3830 # Screw sizes
|
|
|
3831 #
|
|
|
3832 # In the USA, screw diameters are reported using a gauge number.
|
|
|
3833 # Metric screws are reported as Mxx where xx is the diameter in mm.
|
|
|
3834 #
|
|
|
3835
|
|
|
3836 screwgauge(g) [;m] (.06 + .013 g) in ; (screwgauge/in + (-.06)) / .013
|
|
|
3837
|
|
|
3838 #
|
|
|
3839 # Abrasive grit size
|
|
|
3840 #
|
|
|
3841 # Standards governing abrasive grit sizes are complicated, specifying
|
|
|
3842 # fractions of particles that are passed or retained by different mesh
|
|
|
3843 # sizes. As a result, it is not possible to make precise comparisons
|
|
|
3844 # of different grit standards. The tables below allow the
|
|
|
3845 # determination of rough equivlants by using median particle size.
|
|
|
3846 #
|
|
|
3847 # Standards in the USA are determined by the Unified Abrasives
|
|
|
3848 # Manufacturers' Association (UAMA), which resulted from the merger of
|
|
|
3849 # several previous organizations. One of the old organizations was
|
|
|
3850 # CAMI (Coated Abrasives Manufacturers' Institute).
|
|
|
3851 #
|
|
|
3852 # UAMA has a web page with plots showing abrasve particle ranges for
|
|
|
3853 # various different grits and comparisons between standards.
|
|
|
3854 #
|
|
|
3855 # http://www.uama.org/Abrasives101/101Standards.html
|
|
|
3856 #
|
|
|
3857 # Abrasives are grouped into "bonded" abrasives for use with grinding
|
|
|
3858 # wheels and "coated" abrasives for sandpapers and abrasive films.
|
|
|
3859 # The industry uses different grit standards for these two
|
|
|
3860 # categories.
|
|
|
3861 #
|
|
|
3862 # Another division is between "macrogrits", grits below 240 and
|
|
|
3863 # "microgrits", which are above 240. Standards differ, as do methods
|
|
|
3864 # for determining particle size. In the USA, ANSI B74.12 is the
|
|
|
3865 # standard governing macrogrits. ANSI B74.10 covers bonded microgrit
|
|
|
3866 # abrasives, and ANSI B74.18 covers coated microgrit abrasives. It
|
|
|
3867 # appears that the coated standard is identical to the bonded standard
|
|
|
3868 # for grits up through 600 but then diverges significantly.
|
|
|
3869 #
|
|
|
3870 # European grit sizes are determined by the Federation of European
|
|
|
3871 # Producers of Abrasives. http://www.fepa-abrasives.org
|
|
|
3872 #
|
|
|
3873 # They give two standards, the "F" grit for bonded abrasives and the
|
|
|
3874 # "P" grit for coated abrasives. This data is taken directly from
|
|
|
3875 # their web page.
|
|
|
3876
|
|
|
3877 # FEPA P grit for coated abrasives is commonly seen on sandpaper in
|
|
|
3878 # the USA where the paper will be marked P600, for example. FEPA P
|
|
|
3879 # grits are said to be more tightly constrained than comparable ANSI
|
|
|
3880 # grits so that the particles are more uniform in size and hence give
|
|
|
3881 # a better finish.
|
|
|
3882
|
|
|
3883 grit_P[micron] \
|
|
|
3884 12 1815 \
|
|
|
3885 16 1324 \
|
|
|
3886 20 1000 \
|
|
|
3887 24 764 \
|
|
|
3888 30 642 \
|
|
|
3889 36 538 \
|
|
|
3890 40 425 \
|
|
|
3891 50 336 \
|
|
|
3892 60 269 \
|
|
|
3893 80 201 \
|
|
|
3894 100 162 \
|
|
|
3895 120 125 \
|
|
|
3896 150 100 \
|
|
|
3897 180 82 \
|
|
|
3898 220 68 \
|
|
|
3899 240 58.5 \
|
|
|
3900 280 52.2 \
|
|
|
3901 320 46.2 \
|
|
|
3902 360 40.5 \
|
|
|
3903 400 35 \
|
|
|
3904 500 30.2 \
|
|
|
3905 600 25.8 \
|
|
|
3906 800 21.8 \
|
|
|
3907 1000 18.3 \
|
|
|
3908 1200 15.3 \
|
|
|
3909 1500 12.6 \
|
|
|
3910 2000 10.3 \
|
|
|
3911 2500 8.4
|
|
|
3912
|
|
|
3913 grit_F[micron] \
|
|
|
3914 4 4890 \
|
|
|
3915 5 4125 \
|
|
|
3916 6 3460 \
|
|
|
3917 7 2900 \
|
|
|
3918 8 2460 \
|
|
|
3919 10 2085 \
|
|
|
3920 12 1765 \
|
|
|
3921 14 1470 \
|
|
|
3922 16 1230 \
|
|
|
3923 20 1040 \
|
|
|
3924 22 885 \
|
|
|
3925 24 745 \
|
|
|
3926 30 625 \
|
|
|
3927 36 525 \
|
|
|
3928 40 438 \
|
|
|
3929 46 370 \
|
|
|
3930 54 310 \
|
|
|
3931 60 260 \
|
|
|
3932 70 218 \
|
|
|
3933 80 185 \
|
|
|
3934 90 154 \
|
|
|
3935 100 129 \
|
|
|
3936 120 109 \
|
|
|
3937 150 82 \
|
|
|
3938 180 69 \
|
|
|
3939 220 58 \
|
|
|
3940 230 53 \
|
|
|
3941 240 44.5 \
|
|
|
3942 280 36.5 \
|
|
|
3943 320 29.2 \
|
|
|
3944 360 22.8 \
|
|
|
3945 400 17.3 \
|
|
|
3946 500 12.8 \
|
|
|
3947 600 9.3 \
|
|
|
3948 800 6.5 \
|
|
|
3949 1000 4.5 \
|
|
|
3950 1200 3 \
|
|
|
3951 1500 2.0 \
|
|
|
3952 2000 1.2
|
|
|
3953
|
|
|
3954 # According to the UAMA web page, the ANSI bonded and ANSI coated standards
|
|
|
3955 # are identical to FEPA F in the macrogrit range (under 240 grit), so these
|
|
|
3956 # values are taken from the FEPA F table. The values for 240 and above are
|
|
|
3957 # from the UAMA web site and represent the average of the "d50" range
|
|
|
3958 # endpoints listed there.
|
|
|
3959
|
|
|
3960 grit_ansibonded[micron] \
|
|
|
3961 4 4890 \
|
|
|
3962 5 4125 \
|
|
|
3963 6 3460 \
|
|
|
3964 7 2900 \
|
|
|
3965 8 2460 \
|
|
|
3966 10 2085 \
|
|
|
3967 12 1765 \
|
|
|
3968 14 1470 \
|
|
|
3969 16 1230 \
|
|
|
3970 20 1040 \
|
|
|
3971 22 885 \
|
|
|
3972 24 745 \
|
|
|
3973 30 625 \
|
|
|
3974 36 525 \
|
|
|
3975 40 438 \
|
|
|
3976 46 370 \
|
|
|
3977 54 310 \
|
|
|
3978 60 260 \
|
|
|
3979 70 218 \
|
|
|
3980 80 185 \
|
|
|
3981 90 154 \
|
|
|
3982 100 129 \
|
|
|
3983 120 109 \
|
|
|
3984 150 82 \
|
|
|
3985 180 69 \
|
|
|
3986 220 58 \
|
|
|
3987 240 50 \
|
|
|
3988 280 39.5 \
|
|
|
3989 320 29.5 \
|
|
|
3990 360 23 \
|
|
|
3991 400 18.25 \
|
|
|
3992 500 13.9 \
|
|
|
3993 600 10.55 \
|
|
|
3994 800 7.65 \
|
|
|
3995 1000 5.8 \
|
|
|
3996 1200 3.8
|
|
|
3997
|
|
|
3998 # Like the bonded grit, the coated macrogrits below 240 are taken from the
|
|
|
3999 # FEPA F table. Data above this is from the UAMA site. Note that the coated
|
|
|
4000 # and bonded standards are evidently the same from 240 up to 600 grit, but
|
|
|
4001 # starting at 800 grit, the coated standard diverges. The data from UAMA show
|
|
|
4002 # that 800 grit coated has an average size slightly larger than the average
|
|
|
4003 # size of 600 grit coated/bonded. However, the 800 grit has a significantly
|
|
|
4004 # smaller particle size variation.
|
|
|
4005
|
|
|
4006 ansicoated[micron] \
|
|
|
4007 4 4890 \
|
|
|
4008 5 4125 \
|
|
|
4009 6 3460 \
|
|
|
4010 7 2900 \
|
|
|
4011 8 2460 \
|
|
|
4012 10 2085 \
|
|
|
4013 12 1765 \
|
|
|
4014 14 1470 \
|
|
|
4015 16 1230 \
|
|
|
4016 20 1040 \
|
|
|
4017 22 885 \
|
|
|
4018 24 745 \
|
|
|
4019 30 625 \
|
|
|
4020 36 525 \
|
|
|
4021 40 438 \
|
|
|
4022 46 370 \
|
|
|
4023 54 310 \
|
|
|
4024 60 260 \
|
|
|
4025 70 218 \
|
|
|
4026 80 185 \
|
|
|
4027 90 154 \
|
|
|
4028 100 129 \
|
|
|
4029 120 109 \
|
|
|
4030 150 82 \
|
|
|
4031 180 69 \
|
|
|
4032 220 58 \
|
|
|
4033 240 50 \
|
|
|
4034 280 39.5 \
|
|
|
4035 320 29.5 \
|
|
|
4036 360 23 \
|
|
|
4037 400 18.25 \
|
|
|
4038 500 13.9 \
|
|
|
4039 600 10.55 \
|
|
|
4040 800 11.5 \
|
|
|
4041 1000 9.5 \
|
|
|
4042 2000 7.2 \
|
|
|
4043 2500 5.5 \
|
|
|
4044 3000 4 \
|
|
|
4045 4000 3 \
|
|
|
4046 6000 2 \
|
|
|
4047 8000 1.2
|
|
|
4048
|
|
|
4049 #
|
|
|
4050 # Is this correct? This is the JIS Japanese standard used on waterstones
|
|
|
4051 #
|
|
|
4052 jisgrit[micron] \
|
|
|
4053 150 75 \
|
|
|
4054 180 63 \
|
|
|
4055 220 53 \
|
|
|
4056 280 48 \
|
|
|
4057 320 40 \
|
|
|
4058 360 35 \
|
|
|
4059 400 30 \
|
|
|
4060 600 20 \
|
|
|
4061 700 17 \
|
|
|
4062 800 14 \
|
|
|
4063 1000 11.5 \
|
|
|
4064 1200 9.5 \
|
|
|
4065 1500 8 \
|
|
|
4066 2000 6.7 \
|
|
|
4067 2500 5.5 \
|
|
|
4068 3000 4 \
|
|
|
4069 4000 3 \
|
|
|
4070 6000 2 \
|
|
|
4071 8000 1.2
|
|
|
4072
|
|
|
4073 # The "Finishing Scale" marked with an A (e.g. A75). This information
|
|
|
4074 # is from the web page of the sand paper manufacturer Klingspor
|
|
|
4075 # http://www.klingspor.com/gritgradingsystems.htm
|
|
|
4076 #
|
|
|
4077 # I have no information about what this scale is used for.
|
|
|
4078
|
|
|
4079 grit_A[micron]\
|
|
|
4080 16 15.3 \
|
|
|
4081 25 21.8 \
|
|
|
4082 30 23.6 \
|
|
|
4083 35 25.75 \
|
|
|
4084 45 35 \
|
|
|
4085 60 46.2 \
|
|
|
4086 65 53.5 \
|
|
|
4087 75 58.5 \
|
|
|
4088 90 65 \
|
|
|
4089 110 78 \
|
|
|
4090 130 93 \
|
|
|
4091 160 127 \
|
|
|
4092 200 156
|
|
|
4093 #
|
|
|
4094 # Grits for DMT brand diamond sharpening stones from
|
|
|
4095 # http://dmtsharp.com/products/colorcode.htm
|
|
|
4096 #
|
|
|
4097
|
|
|
4098 dmtxxcoarse 120 micron # 120 mesh
|
|
|
4099 dmtsilver dmtxxcoarse
|
|
|
4100 dmtxx dmtxxcoarse
|
|
|
4101 dmtxcoarse 60 micron # 220 mesh
|
|
|
4102 dmtx dmtxcoarse
|
|
|
4103 dmtblack dmtxcoarse
|
|
|
4104 dmtcoarse 45 micron # 325 mesh
|
|
|
4105 dmtc dmtcoarse
|
|
|
4106 dmtblue dmtcoarse
|
|
|
4107 dmtfine 25 micron # 600 mesh
|
|
|
4108 dmtred dmtfine
|
|
|
4109 dmtf dmtfine
|
|
|
4110 dmtefine 9 micron # 1200 mesh
|
|
|
4111 dmte dmtefine
|
|
|
4112 dmtgreen dmtefine
|
|
|
4113 dmtceramic 7 micron # 2200 mesh
|
|
|
4114 dmtcer dmtceramic
|
|
|
4115 dmtwhite dmtceramic
|
|
|
4116 dmteefine 3 micron # 8000 mesh
|
|
|
4117 dmttan dmteefine
|
|
|
4118 dmtee dmteefine
|
|
|
4119
|
|
|
4120 #
|
|
|
4121 # The following values come from a page in the Norton Stones catalog,
|
|
|
4122 # available at their web page, http://www.nortonstones.com.
|
|
|
4123 #
|
|
|
4124
|
|
|
4125 hardtranslucentarkansas 6 micron # Natural novaculite (silicon quartz)
|
|
|
4126 softarkansas 22 micron # stones
|
|
|
4127
|
|
|
4128 extrafineindia 22 micron # India stones are Norton's manufactured
|
|
|
4129 fineindia 35 micron # aluminum oxide product
|
|
|
4130 mediumindia 53.5 micron
|
|
|
4131 coarseindia 97 micron
|
|
|
4132
|
|
|
4133 finecrystolon 45 micron # Crystolon stones are Norton's
|
|
|
4134 mediumcrystalon 78 micron # manufactured silicon carbide product
|
|
|
4135 coarsecrystalon 127 micron
|
|
|
4136
|
|
|
4137 # The following are not from the Norton catalog
|
|
|
4138 hardblackarkansas 6 micron
|
|
|
4139 hardwhitearkansas 11 micron
|
|
|
4140 washita 35 micron
|
|
|
4141
|
|
|
4142 #
|
|
|
4143 # Ring size. All ring sizes are given as the circumference of the ring.
|
|
|
4144 #
|
|
|
4145
|
|
|
4146 # USA ring sizes. Several slightly different definitions seem to be in
|
|
|
4147 # circulation. According to [15], the interior diameter of size n ring in
|
|
|
4148 # inches is 0.32 n + 0.458 for n ranging from 3 to 13.5 by steps of 0.5. The
|
|
|
4149 # size 2 ring is inconsistently 0.538in and no 2.5 size is listed.
|
|
|
4150 #
|
|
|
4151 # However, other sources list 0.455 + 0.0326 n and 0.4525 + 0.0324 n as the
|
|
|
4152 # diameter and list no special case for size 2. (Or alternatively they are
|
|
|
4153 # 1.43 + .102 n and 1.4216+.1018 n for measuring circumference in inches.) One
|
|
|
4154 # reference claimed that the original system was that each size was 1|10 inch
|
|
|
4155 # circumference, but that source doesn't have an explanation for the modern
|
|
|
4156 # system which is somewhat different.
|
|
|
4157
|
|
|
4158 ringsize(n) [;in] (1.4216+.1018 n) in ; (ringsize/in + (-1.4216))/.1018
|
|
|
4159
|
|
|
4160 # Old practice in the UK measured rings using the "Wheatsheaf gauge" with sizes
|
|
|
4161 # specified alphabetically and based on the ring inside diameter in steps of
|
|
|
4162 # 1|64 inch. This system was replaced in 1987 by British Standard 6820 which
|
|
|
4163 # specifies sizes based on circumference. Each size is 1.25 mm different from
|
|
|
4164 # the preceding size. The baseline is size C which is 40 mm circumference.
|
|
|
4165 # The new sizes are close to the old ones. Sometimes it's necessary to go
|
|
|
4166 # beyond size Z to Z+1, Z+2, etc.
|
|
|
4167
|
|
|
4168 sizeAring 37.50 mm
|
|
|
4169 sizeBring 38.75 mm
|
|
|
4170 sizeCring 40.00 mm
|
|
|
4171 sizeDring 41.25 mm
|
|
|
4172 sizeEring 42.50 mm
|
|
|
4173 sizeFring 43.75 mm
|
|
|
4174 sizeGring 45.00 mm
|
|
|
4175 sizeHring 46.25 mm
|
|
|
4176 sizeIring 47.50 mm
|
|
|
4177 sizeJring 48.75 mm
|
|
|
4178 sizeKring 50.00 mm
|
|
|
4179 sizeLring 51.25 mm
|
|
|
4180 sizeMring 52.50 mm
|
|
|
4181 sizeNring 53.75 mm
|
|
|
4182 sizeOring 55.00 mm
|
|
|
4183 sizePring 56.25 mm
|
|
|
4184 sizeQring 57.50 mm
|
|
|
4185 sizeRring 58.75 mm
|
|
|
4186 sizeSring 60.00 mm
|
|
|
4187 sizeTring 61.25 mm
|
|
|
4188 sizeUring 62.50 mm
|
|
|
4189 sizeVring 63.75 mm
|
|
|
4190 sizeWring 65.00 mm
|
|
|
4191 sizeXring 66.25 mm
|
|
|
4192 sizeYring 67.50 mm
|
|
|
4193 sizeZring 68.75 mm
|
|
|
4194
|
|
|
4195 # Japanese sizes start with size 1 at a 13mm inside diameter and each size is
|
|
|
4196 # 1|3 mm larger in diameter than the previous one. They are multiplied by pi
|
|
|
4197 # to give circumference.
|
|
|
4198
|
|
|
4199 jpringsize(n) [;mm] (38|3 + n/3) pi mm ; 3 jpringsize/ pi mm + (-38)
|
|
|
4200
|
|
|
4201 # The European ring sizes are the length of the circumference in mm minus 40.
|
|
|
4202
|
|
|
4203 euringsize(n) [;mm] (n+40) mm ; euringsize/mm + (-40)
|
|
|
4204
|
|
|
4205 #
|
|
|
4206 # Abbreviations
|
|
|
4207 #
|
|
|
4208
|
|
|
4209 mph mile/hr
|
|
|
4210 mpg mile/gal
|
|
|
4211 kph km/hr
|
|
|
4212 fL footlambert
|
|
|
4213 fpm ft/min
|
|
|
4214 fps ft/s
|
|
|
4215 rpm rev/min
|
|
|
4216 rps rev/sec
|
|
|
4217 mi mile
|
|
|
4218 smi mile
|
|
|
4219 nmi nauticalmile
|
|
|
4220 mbh 1e3 btu/hour
|
|
|
4221 mcm 1e3 circularmil
|
|
|
4222 ipy inch/year # used for corrosion rates
|
|
|
4223 ccf 100 ft^3 # used for selling water [18]
|
|
|
4224 Mcf 1000 ft^3 # not million cubic feet [18]
|
|
|
4225 kp kilopond
|
|
|
4226 kpm kp meter
|
|
|
4227 Wh W hour
|
|
|
4228 hph hp hour
|
|
|
4229 plf lb / foot # pounds per linear foot
|
|
|
4230
|
|
|
4231 #
|
|
|
4232 # Compatibility units with unix version
|
|
|
4233 #
|
|
|
4234
|
|
|
4235 pa Pa
|
|
|
4236 ev eV
|
|
|
4237 hg Hg
|
|
|
4238 oe Oe
|
|
|
4239 mh mH
|
|
|
4240 rd rod
|
|
|
4241 pf pF
|
|
|
4242 gr grain
|
|
|
4243 nt N
|
|
|
4244 hz Hz
|
|
|
4245 hd hogshead
|
|
|
4246 dry drygallon/gallon
|
|
|
4247 imperial brgallon/gallon # This is a dubious definition
|
|
|
4248 # since it fails for fluid ounces
|
|
|
4249 # and all units derived from fluid
|
|
|
4250 # ounces.
|
|
|
4251 nmile nauticalmile
|
|
|
4252 beV GeV
|
|
|
4253 bev beV
|
|
|
4254 coul C
|
|
|
4255
|
|
|
4256 #
|
|
|
4257 # Radioactivity units
|
|
|
4258 #
|
|
|
4259
|
|
|
4260 becquerel /s # Activity of radioactive source
|
|
|
4261 Bq becquerel #
|
|
|
4262 curie 3.7e10 Bq # Defined in 1910 as the radioactivity
|
|
|
4263 Ci curie # emitted by the amount of radon that is
|
|
|
4264 # in equilibrium with 1 gram of radium.
|
|
|
4265 rutherford 1e6 Bq #
|
|
|
4266
|
|
|
4267 RADIATION_DOSE gray
|
|
|
4268 gray J/kg # Absorbed dose of radiation
|
|
|
4269 Gy gray #
|
|
|
4270 rad 1e-2 Gy # From Radiation Absorbed Dose
|
|
|
4271 rep 8.38 mGy # Roentgen Equivalent Physical, the amount
|
|
|
4272 # of radiation which , absorbed in the
|
|
|
4273 # body, would liberate the same amount
|
|
|
4274 # of energy as 1 roentgen of X rays
|
|
|
4275 # would, or 97 ergs.
|
|
|
4276
|
|
|
4277 sievert J/kg # Dose equivalent: dosage that has the
|
|
|
4278 Sv sievert # same effect on human tissues as 200
|
|
|
4279 rem 1e-2 Sv # keV X-rays. Different types of
|
|
|
4280 # radiation are weighted by the
|
|
|
4281 # Relative Biological Effectiveness
|
|
|
4282 # (RBE).
|
|
|
4283 #
|
|
|
4284 # Radiation type RBE
|
|
|
4285 # X-ray, gamma ray 1
|
|
|
4286 # beta rays, > 1 MeV 1
|
|
|
4287 # beta rays, < 1 MeV 1.08
|
|
|
4288 # neutrons, < 1 MeV 4-5
|
|
|
4289 # neutrons, 1-10 MeV 10
|
|
|
4290 # protons, 1 MeV 8.5
|
|
|
4291 # protons, .1 MeV 10
|
|
|
4292 # alpha, 5 MeV 15
|
|
|
4293 # alpha, 1 MeV 20
|
|
|
4294 #
|
|
|
4295 # The energies are the kinetic energy
|
|
|
4296 # of the particles. Slower particles
|
|
|
4297 # interact more, so they are more
|
|
|
4298 # effective ionizers, and hence have
|
|
|
4299 # higher RBE values.
|
|
|
4300 #
|
|
|
4301 # rem stands for Roentgen Equivalent
|
|
|
4302 # Mammal
|
|
|
4303
|
|
|
4304 roentgen 2.58e-4 C / kg # Ionizing radiation that produces
|
|
|
4305 # 1 statcoulomb of charge in 1 cc of
|
|
|
4306 # dry air at stp.
|
|
|
4307 rontgen roentgen # Sometimes it appears spelled this way
|
|
|
4308 sievertunit 8.38 rontgen # Unit of gamma ray dose delivered in one
|
|
|
4309 # hour at a distance of 1 cm from a
|
|
|
4310 # point source of 1 mg of radium
|
|
|
4311 # enclosed in platinum .5 mm thick.
|
|
|
4312
|
|
|
4313 eman 1e-7 Ci/m^3 # radioactive concentration
|
|
|
4314 mache 3.7e-7 Ci/m^3
|
|
|
4315
|
|
|
4316 #
|
|
|
4317 # Atomic weights. The atomic weight of an element is the ratio of the mass of
|
|
|
4318 # a mole of the element to 1|12 of a mole of Carbon 12. The Standard Atomic
|
|
|
4319 # Weights apply to the elements as they occur naturally on earth. Elements
|
|
|
4320 # which do not occur naturally or which occur with wide isotopic variability do
|
|
|
4321 # not have Standard Atomic Weights. For these elements, the atomic weight is
|
|
|
4322 # based on the longest lived isotope, as marked in the comments. In some
|
|
|
4323 # cases, the comment for these entries also gives a number which is an atomic
|
|
|
4324 # weight for a different isotope that may be of more interest than the longest
|
|
|
4325 # lived isotope.
|
|
|
4326 #
|
|
|
4327
|
|
|
4328 actinium 227.0278
|
|
|
4329 aluminum 26.981539
|
|
|
4330 americium 243.0614 # Longest lived. 241.06
|
|
|
4331 antimony 121.760
|
|
|
4332 argon 39.948
|
|
|
4333 arsenic 74.92159
|
|
|
4334 astatine 209.9871 # Longest lived
|
|
|
4335 barium 137.327
|
|
|
4336 berkelium 247.0703 # Longest lived. 249.08
|
|
|
4337 beryllium 9.012182
|
|
|
4338 bismuth 208.98037
|
|
|
4339 boron 10.811
|
|
|
4340 bromine 79.904
|
|
|
4341 cadmium 112.411
|
|
|
4342 calcium 40.078
|
|
|
4343 californium 251.0796 # Longest lived. 252.08
|
|
|
4344 carbon 12.011
|
|
|
4345 cerium 140.115
|
|
|
4346 cesium 132.90543
|
|
|
4347 chlorine 35.4527
|
|
|
4348 chromium 51.9961
|
|
|
4349 cobalt 58.93320
|
|
|
4350 copper 63.546
|
|
|
4351 curium 247.0703
|
|
|
4352 dysprosium 162.50
|
|
|
4353 einsteinium 252.083 # Longest lived
|
|
|
4354 erbium 167.26
|
|
|
4355 europium 151.965
|
|
|
4356 fermium 257.0951 # Longest lived
|
|
|
4357 fluorine 18.9984032
|
|
|
4358 francium 223.0197 # Longest lived
|
|
|
4359 gadolinium 157.25
|
|
|
4360 gallium 69.723
|
|
|
4361 germanium 72.61
|
|
|
4362 gold 196.96654
|
|
|
4363 hafnium 178.49
|
|
|
4364 helium 4.002602
|
|
|
4365 holmium 164.93032
|
|
|
4366 hydrogen 1.00794
|
|
|
4367 indium 114.818
|
|
|
4368 iodine 126.90447
|
|
|
4369 iridium 192.217
|
|
|
4370 iron 55.845
|
|
|
4371 krypton 83.80
|
|
|
4372 lanthanum 138.9055
|
|
|
4373 lawrencium 262.11 # Longest lived
|
|
|
4374 lead 207.2
|
|
|
4375 lithium 6.941
|
|
|
4376 lutetium 174.967
|
|
|
4377 magnesium 24.3050
|
|
|
4378 manganese 54.93805
|
|
|
4379 mendelevium 258.10 # Longest lived
|
|
|
4380 mercury 200.59
|
|
|
4381 molybdenum 95.94
|
|
|
4382 neodymium 144.24
|
|
|
4383 neon 20.1797
|
|
|
4384 neptunium 237.0482
|
|
|
4385 nickel 58.6934
|
|
|
4386 niobium 92.90638
|
|
|
4387 nitrogen 14.00674
|
|
|
4388 nobelium 259.1009 # Longest lived
|
|
|
4389 osmium 190.23
|
|
|
4390 oxygen 15.9994
|
|
|
4391 palladium 106.42
|
|
|
4392 phosphorus 30.973762
|
|
|
4393 platinum 195.08
|
|
|
4394 plutonium 244.0642 # Longest lived. 239.05
|
|
|
4395 polonium 208.9824 # Longest lived. 209.98
|
|
|
4396 potassium 39.0983
|
|
|
4397 praseodymium 140.90765
|
|
|
4398 promethium 144.9127 # Longest lived. 146.92
|
|
|
4399 protactinium 231.03588
|
|
|
4400 radium 226.0254
|
|
|
4401 radon 222.0176 # Longest lived
|
|
|
4402 rhenium 186.207
|
|
|
4403 rhodium 102.90550
|
|
|
4404 rubidium 85.4678
|
|
|
4405 ruthenium 101.07
|
|
|
4406 samarium 150.36
|
|
|
4407 scandium 44.955910
|
|
|
4408 selenium 78.96
|
|
|
4409 silicon 28.0855
|
|
|
4410 silver 107.8682
|
|
|
4411 sodium 22.989768
|
|
|
4412 strontium 87.62
|
|
|
4413 sulfur 32.066
|
|
|
4414 tantalum 180.9479
|
|
|
4415 technetium 97.9072 # Longest lived. 98.906
|
|
|
4416 tellurium 127.60
|
|
|
4417 terbium 158.92534
|
|
|
4418 thallium 204.3833
|
|
|
4419 thorium 232.0381
|
|
|
4420 thullium 168.93421
|
|
|
4421 tin 118.710
|
|
|
4422 titanium 47.867
|
|
|
4423 tungsten 183.84
|
|
|
4424 uranium 238.0289
|
|
|
4425 vanadium 50.9415
|
|
|
4426 xenon 131.29
|
|
|
4427 ytterbium 173.04
|
|
|
4428 yttrium 88.90585
|
|
|
4429 zinc 65.39
|
|
|
4430 zirconium 91.224
|
|
|
4431
|
|
|
4432 #
|
|
|
4433 # population units
|
|
|
4434 #
|
|
|
4435
|
|
|
4436 people 1
|
|
|
4437 person people
|
|
|
4438 death people
|
|
|
4439 capita people
|
|
|
4440 percapita per capita
|
|
|
4441
|
|
|
4442
|
|
|
4443 #
|
|
|
4444 # Traditional Japanese units (shakkanhou)
|
|
|
4445 #
|
|
|
4446 # The traditional system of weights and measures is called shakkanhou from the
|
|
|
4447 # shaku and the ken. Japan accepted SI units in 1891 and legalized conversions
|
|
|
4448 # to the traditional system. In 1909 the inch-pound system was also legalized,
|
|
|
4449 # so Japan had three legally approved systems. A change to the metric system
|
|
|
4450 # started in 1921 but there was a lot of resistance. The Measurement Law of
|
|
|
4451 # October 1999 prohibits sales in anything but SI units. However, the old
|
|
|
4452 # units still live on in construction and as the basis for paper sizes of books
|
|
|
4453 # and tools used for handicrafts.
|
|
|
4454 #
|
|
|
4455 # Note that units below use the Hepburn romanization system. Some other
|
|
|
4456 # systems would render "mou", "jou", and "chou" as "mo", "jo" and "cho".
|
|
|
4457 #
|
|
|
4458 #
|
|
|
4459 # http://hiramatu-hifuka.com/onyak/onyindx.html
|
|
|
4460
|
|
|
4461 # Japanese Proportions. These are still in everyday use. They also
|
|
|
4462 # get used as units to represent the proportion of the standard unit.
|
|
|
4463
|
|
|
4464 wari_proportion 1|10
|
|
|
4465 wari wari_proportion
|
|
|
4466 bu_proportion 1|100 # The character bu can also be read fun or bun
|
|
|
4467 # but usually "bu" is used for units.
|
|
|
4468 rin_proportion 1|1000
|
|
|
4469 mou_proportion 1|10000
|
|
|
4470
|
|
|
4471
|
|
|
4472 # Japanese Length Measures
|
|
|
4473 #
|
|
|
4474 # The length system is called kanejaku or
|
|
|
4475 # square and originated in China. It was
|
|
|
4476 # adopted as Japan's official measure in 701
|
|
|
4477 # by the Taiho Code. This system is still in
|
|
|
4478 # common use in architecture and clothing.
|
|
|
4479
|
|
|
4480 shaku 1|3.3 m
|
|
|
4481 mou 1|10000 shaku
|
|
|
4482 rin 1|1000 shaku
|
|
|
4483 bu_distance 1|100 shaku
|
|
|
4484 sun 1|10 shaku
|
|
|
4485 jou_distance 10 shaku
|
|
|
4486 jou jou_distance
|
|
|
4487
|
|
|
4488 kanejakusun sun # Alias to emphasize architectural name
|
|
|
4489 kanejaku shaku
|
|
|
4490 kanejakujou jou
|
|
|
4491
|
|
|
4492 # In context of clothing, shaku is different from architecture
|
|
|
4493 # http://www.scinet.co.jp/sci/sanwa/kakizaki-essay54.html
|
|
|
4494
|
|
|
4495 kujirajaku 10|8 shaku
|
|
|
4496 kujirajakusun 1|10 kujirajaku
|
|
|
4497 kujirajakubu 1|100 kujirajaku
|
|
|
4498 kujirajakujou 10 kujirajaku
|
|
|
4499 tan_distance 3 kujirajakujou
|
|
|
4500
|
|
|
4501 ken 6 shaku # Also sometimes 6.3, 6.5, or 6.6
|
|
|
4502 # http://www.homarewood.co.jp/syakusun.htm
|
|
|
4503
|
|
|
4504 # mostly unused
|
|
|
4505 chou_distance 60 ken
|
|
|
4506 chou chou_distance
|
|
|
4507 ri 36 chou
|
|
|
4508
|
|
|
4509 # Japanese Area Measures
|
|
|
4510
|
|
|
4511 # Tsubo is still used for land size, though the others are more
|
|
|
4512 # recognized by their homonyms in the other measurements.
|
|
|
4513
|
|
|
4514 gou_area 1|10 tsubo
|
|
|
4515 tsubo 36 shaku^2 # Size of two tatami = ken^2 ??
|
|
|
4516 se 30 tsubo
|
|
|
4517 tan_area 10 se
|
|
|
4518 chou_area 10 tan_area
|
|
|
4519
|
|
|
4520 # Japanese architecture is based on a "standard" size of tatami mat.
|
|
|
4521 # Room sizes today are given in number of tatami, and this number
|
|
|
4522 # determines the spacing between colums and hence sizes of sliding
|
|
|
4523 # doors and paper screens. However, every region has its own slightly
|
|
|
4524 # different tatami size. Edoma, used in and around Tokyo and
|
|
|
4525 # Hokkaido, is becoming a nationwide standard. Kyouma is used around
|
|
|
4526 # Kyoto, Osaka and Kyuushu, and Chuukyouma is used around Nagoya.
|
|
|
4527 # Note that the tatami all have the aspect ratio 2:1 so that the mats
|
|
|
4528 # can tile the room with some of them turned 90 degrees.
|
|
|
4529 #
|
|
|
4530 # http://www.moon2.net/tatami/infotatami/structure.html
|
|
|
4531
|
|
|
4532 edoma (5.8*2.9) shaku^2
|
|
|
4533 kyouma (6.3*3.15) shaku^2
|
|
|
4534 chuukyouma (6*3) shaku^2
|
|
|
4535 jou_area edoma
|
|
|
4536 tatami jou_area
|
|
|
4537
|
|
|
4538 # Japanese Volume Measures
|
|
|
4539
|
|
|
4540 # The "shou" is still used for such things as alcohol and seasonings.
|
|
|
4541 # Large quantities of paint are still purchased in terms of "to".
|
|
|
4542
|
|
|
4543 shaku_volume 1|10 gou_volume
|
|
|
4544 gou_volume 1|10 shou
|
|
|
4545 gou gou_volume
|
|
|
4546 shou (4.9*4.9*2.7) sun^3 # The character shou which is
|
|
|
4547 # the same as masu refers to a
|
|
|
4548 # rectangular wooden cup used to
|
|
|
4549 # measure liquids and cereal.
|
|
|
4550 # Sake is sometimes served in a masu
|
|
|
4551 # Note that it happens to be
|
|
|
4552 # EXACTLY 7^4/11^3 liters.
|
|
|
4553 to 10 shou
|
|
|
4554 koku 10 to # No longer used; historically a measure of rice
|
|
|
4555
|
|
|
4556 # Japanese Weight Measures
|
|
|
4557 #
|
|
|
4558 # http://wyoming.hp.infoseek.co.jp/zatugaku/zamoney.html
|
|
|
4559
|
|
|
4560 # Not really used anymore.
|
|
|
4561
|
|
|
4562 rin_weight 1|10 bu
|
|
|
4563 bu_weight 1|10 monme
|
|
|
4564 fun 1|10 monme
|
|
|
4565 monme 15|4 g
|
|
|
4566 kin 160 monme
|
|
|
4567 kan 1000 monme
|
|
|
4568 kwan kan # This was the old pronounciation of the unit.
|
|
|
4569 # The old spelling persisted a few centuries
|
|
|
4570 # longer and was not changed until around
|
|
|
4571 # 1950.
|
|
|
4572
|
|
|
4573 #
|
|
|
4574 # Australian unit
|
|
|
4575 #
|
|
|
4576
|
|
|
4577 australiasquare (10 ft)^2 # Used for house area
|
|
|
4578
|
|
|
4579
|
|
|
4580 #
|
|
|
4581 # A few German units as currently in use.
|
|
|
4582 #
|
|
|
4583
|
|
|
4584 zentner 50 kg
|
|
|
4585 doppelzentner 2 zentner
|
|
|
4586 pfund 500 g
|
|
|
4587
|
|
|
4588 #
|
|
|
4589 # Old French distance measures, from French Weights and Measures
|
|
|
4590 # Before the Revolution by Zupko
|
|
|
4591 #
|
|
|
4592
|
|
|
4593 frenchfoot 144|443.296 m # pied de roi, the standard of Paris.
|
|
|
4594 pied frenchfoot # Half of the hashimicubit,
|
|
|
4595 frenchfeet frenchfoot # instituted by Charlemagne.
|
|
|
4596 frenchinch 1|12 frenchfoot # This exact definition comes from
|
|
|
4597 frenchthumb frenchinch # a law passed on 10 Dec 1799 which
|
|
|
4598 pouce frenchthumb # fixed the meter at
|
|
|
4599 # 3 frenchfeet + 11.296 lignes.
|
|
|
4600 frenchline 1|12 frenchinch # This is supposed to be the size
|
|
|
4601 ligne frenchline # of the average barleycorn
|
|
|
4602 frenchpoint 1|12 frenchline
|
|
|
4603 toise 6 frenchfeet
|
|
|
4604 arpent 180^2 pied^2 # The arpent is 100 square perches,
|
|
|
4605 # but the perche seems to vary a lot
|
|
|
4606 # and can be 18 feet, 20 feet, or 22
|
|
|
4607 # feet. This measure was described
|
|
|
4608 # as being in common use in Canada in
|
|
|
4609 # 1934 (Websters 2nd). The value
|
|
|
4610 # given here is the Paris standard
|
|
|
4611 # arpent.
|
|
|
4612 frenchgrain 1|18827.15 kg # Weight of a wheat grain, hence
|
|
|
4613 # smaller than the British grain.
|
|
|
4614 frenchpound 9216 frenchgrain
|
|
|
4615
|
|
|
4616 #
|
|
|
4617 # Before the Imperial Weights and Measures Act of 1824, various different
|
|
|
4618 # weights and measures were in use in different places.
|
|
|
4619 #
|
|
|
4620
|
|
|
4621 # Scots linear measure
|
|
|
4622
|
|
|
4623 scotsinch 1.00540054 UKinch
|
|
|
4624 scotslink 1|100 scotschain
|
|
|
4625 scotsfoot 12 scotsinch
|
|
|
4626 scotsfeet scotsfoot
|
|
|
4627 scotsell 37 scotsinch
|
|
|
4628 scotsfall 6 scotsell
|
|
|
4629 scotschain 4 scotsfall
|
|
|
4630 scotsfurlong 10 scotschain
|
|
|
4631 scotsmile 8 scotsfurlong
|
|
|
4632
|
|
|
4633 # Scots area measure
|
|
|
4634
|
|
|
4635 scotsrood 40 scotsfall^2
|
|
|
4636 scotsacre 4 scotsrood
|
|
|
4637 nook 20 acres # Given in [18] with English acres; apparently
|
|
|
4638 # developed after the switch to Imperial units.
|
|
|
4639 # Irish linear measure
|
|
|
4640
|
|
|
4641 irishinch UKinch
|
|
|
4642 irishpalm 3 irishinch
|
|
|
4643 irishspan 3 irishpalm
|
|
|
4644 irishfoot 12 irishinch
|
|
|
4645 irishfeet irishfoot
|
|
|
4646 irishcubit 18 irishinch
|
|
|
4647 irishyard 3 irishfeet
|
|
|
4648 irishpace 5 irishfeet
|
|
|
4649 irishfathom 6 irishfeet
|
|
|
4650 irishpole 7 irishyard # Only these values
|
|
|
4651 irishperch irishpole # are different from
|
|
|
4652 irishchain 4 irishperch # the British Imperial
|
|
|
4653 irishlink 1|100 irishchain # or English values for
|
|
|
4654 irishfurlong 10 irishchain # these lengths.
|
|
|
4655 irishmile 8 irishfurlong #
|
|
|
4656
|
|
|
4657 # Irish area measure
|
|
|
4658
|
|
|
4659 irishrood 40 irishpole^2
|
|
|
4660 irishacre 4 irishrood
|
|
|
4661
|
|
|
4662 # English wine capacity measures (Winchester measures)
|
|
|
4663
|
|
|
4664 winepint 1|2 winequart
|
|
|
4665 winequart 1|4 winegallon
|
|
|
4666 winegallon 231 UKinch^3 # Sometimes called the Winchester Wine Gallon,
|
|
|
4667 # it was legalized in 1707 by Queen Anne, and
|
|
|
4668 # given the definition of 231 cubic inches. It
|
|
|
4669 # had been in use for a while as 8 pounds of wine
|
|
|
4670 # using a merchant's pound, but the definition of
|
|
|
4671 # the merchant's pound had become uncertain. A
|
|
|
4672 # pound of 15 tower ounces (6750 grains) had been
|
|
|
4673 # common, but then a pound of 15 troy ounces
|
|
|
4674 # (7200 grains) gained popularity. Because of
|
|
|
4675 # the switch in the value of the merchants pound,
|
|
|
4676 # the size of the wine gallon was uncertain in
|
|
|
4677 # the market, hence the official act in 1707.
|
|
|
4678 # The act allowed that a six inch tall cylinder
|
|
|
4679 # with a 7 inch diameter was a lawful wine
|
|
|
4680 # gallon. (This comes out to 230.9 in^3.)
|
|
|
4681 # Note also that in Britain a legal conversion
|
|
|
4682 # was established to the 1824 Imperial gallon
|
|
|
4683 # then taken as 277.274 in^3 so that the wine
|
|
|
4684 # gallon was 0.8331 imperial gallons. This is
|
|
|
4685 # 231.1 cubic inches (using the international
|
|
|
4686 # inch).
|
|
|
4687 winerundlet 18 winegallon
|
|
|
4688 winebarrel 31.5 winegallon
|
|
|
4689 winetierce 42 winegallon
|
|
|
4690 winehogshead 2 winebarrel
|
|
|
4691 winepuncheon 2 winetierce
|
|
|
4692 winebutt 2 winehogshead
|
|
|
4693 winepipe winebutt
|
|
|
4694 winetun 2 winebutt
|
|
|
4695
|
|
|
4696 # English beer and ale measures used 1803-1824 and used for beer before 1688
|
|
|
4697
|
|
|
4698 beerpint 1|2 beerquart
|
|
|
4699 beerquart 1|4 beergallon
|
|
|
4700 beergallon 282 UKinch^3
|
|
|
4701 beerbarrel 36 beergallon
|
|
|
4702 beerhogshead 1.5 beerbarrel
|
|
|
4703
|
|
|
4704 # English ale measures used from 1688-1803 for both ale and beer
|
|
|
4705
|
|
|
4706 alepint 1|2 alequart
|
|
|
4707 alequart 1|4 alegallon
|
|
|
4708 alegallon beergallon
|
|
|
4709 alebarrel 34 alegallon
|
|
|
4710 alehogshead 1.5 alebarrel
|
|
|
4711
|
|
|
4712 # Scots capacity measure
|
|
|
4713
|
|
|
4714 scotsgill 1|4 mutchkin
|
|
|
4715 mutchkin 1|2 choppin
|
|
|
4716 choppin 1|2 scotspint
|
|
|
4717 scotspint 1|2 scotsquart
|
|
|
4718 scotsquart 1|4 scotsgallon
|
|
|
4719 scotsgallon 827.232 UKinch^3
|
|
|
4720 scotsbarrel 8 scotsgallon
|
|
|
4721 jug scotspint
|
|
|
4722
|
|
|
4723 # Scots dry capacity measure
|
|
|
4724
|
|
|
4725 scotswheatlippy 137.333 UKinch^3 # Also used for peas, beans, rye, salt
|
|
|
4726 scotswheatlippies scotswheatlippy
|
|
|
4727 scotswheatpeck 4 scotswheatlippy
|
|
|
4728 scotswheatfirlot 4 scotswheatpeck
|
|
|
4729 scotswheatboll 4 scotswheatfirlot
|
|
|
4730 scotswheatchalder 16 scotswheatboll
|
|
|
4731
|
|
|
4732 scotsoatlippy 200.345 UKinch^3 # Also used for barley and malt
|
|
|
4733 scotsoatlippies scotsoatlippy
|
|
|
4734 scotsoatpeck 4 scotsoatlippy
|
|
|
4735 scotsoatfirlot 4 scotsoatpeck
|
|
|
4736 scotsoatboll 4 scotsoatfirlot
|
|
|
4737 scotsoatchalder 16 scotsoatboll
|
|
|
4738
|
|
|
4739 # Scots Tron weight
|
|
|
4740
|
|
|
4741 trondrop 1|16 tronounce
|
|
|
4742 tronounce 1|20 tronpound
|
|
|
4743 tronpound 9520 grain
|
|
|
4744 tronstone 16 tronpound
|
|
|
4745
|
|
|
4746 # Irish liquid capacity measure
|
|
|
4747
|
|
|
4748 irishnoggin 1|4 irishpint
|
|
|
4749 irishpint 1|2 irishquart
|
|
|
4750 irishquart 1|2 irishpottle
|
|
|
4751 irishpottle 1|2 irishgallon
|
|
|
4752 irishgallon 217.6 UKinch^3
|
|
|
4753 irishrundlet 18 irishgallon
|
|
|
4754 irishbarrel 31.5 irishgallon
|
|
|
4755 irishtierce 42 irishgallon
|
|
|
4756 irishhogshead 2 irishbarrel
|
|
|
4757 irishpuncheon 2 irishtierce
|
|
|
4758 irishpipe 2 irishhogshead
|
|
|
4759 irishtun 2 irishpipe
|
|
|
4760
|
|
|
4761 # Irish dry capacity measure
|
|
|
4762
|
|
|
4763 irishpeck 2 irishgallon
|
|
|
4764 irishbushel 4 irishpeck
|
|
|
4765 irishstrike 2 irishbushel
|
|
|
4766 irishdrybarrel 2 irishstrike
|
|
|
4767 irishquarter 2 irishbarrel
|
|
|
4768
|
|
|
4769 # English Tower weights, abolished in 1528
|
|
|
4770
|
|
|
4771 towerpound 5400 grain
|
|
|
4772 towerounce 1|12 towerpound
|
|
|
4773 towerpennyweight 1|20 towerounce
|
|
|
4774 towergrain 1|32 towerpennyweight
|
|
|
4775
|
|
|
4776 # English Mercantile weights, used since the late 12th century
|
|
|
4777
|
|
|
4778 mercpound 6750 grain
|
|
|
4779 mercounce 1|15 mercpound
|
|
|
4780 mercpennyweight 1|20 mercounce
|
|
|
4781
|
|
|
4782 # English weights for lead
|
|
|
4783
|
|
|
4784 leadstone 12.5 lb
|
|
|
4785 fotmal 70 lb
|
|
|
4786 leadwey 14 leadstone
|
|
|
4787 fothers 12 leadwey
|
|
|
4788
|
|
|
4789 # English Hay measure
|
|
|
4790
|
|
|
4791 newhaytruss 60 lb # New and old here seem to refer to "new"
|
|
|
4792 newhayload 36 newhaytruss # hay and "old" hay rather than a new unit
|
|
|
4793 oldhaytruss 56 lb # and an old unit.
|
|
|
4794 oldhayload 36 oldhaytruss
|
|
|
4795
|
|
|
4796 # English wool measure
|
|
|
4797
|
|
|
4798 woolclove 7 lb
|
|
|
4799 woolstone 2 woolclove
|
|
|
4800 wooltod 2 woolstone
|
|
|
4801 woolwey 13 woolstone
|
|
|
4802 woolsack 2 woolwey
|
|
|
4803 woolsarpler 2 woolsack
|
|
|
4804 woollast 6 woolsarpler
|
|
|
4805
|
|
|
4806 #
|
|
|
4807 # Ancient history units: There tends to be uncertainty in the definitions
|
|
|
4808 # of the units in this section
|
|
|
4809 # These units are from [11]
|
|
|
4810
|
|
|
4811 # Roman measure. The Romans had a well defined distance measure, but their
|
|
|
4812 # measures of weight were poor. They adopted local weights in different
|
|
|
4813 # regions without distinguishing among them so that there are half a dozen
|
|
|
4814 # different Roman "standard" weight systems.
|
|
|
4815
|
|
|
4816 romanfoot 296 mm # There is some uncertainty in this definition
|
|
|
4817 romanfeet romanfoot # from which all the other units are derived.
|
|
|
4818 pes romanfoot # This value appears in numerous sources. In "The
|
|
|
4819 pedes romanfoot # Roman Land Surveyors", Dilke gives 295.7 mm.
|
|
|
4820 romaninch 1|12 romanfoot # The subdivisions of the Roman foot have the
|
|
|
4821 romandigit 1|16 romanfoot # same names as the subdivisions of the pound,
|
|
|
4822 romanpalm 1|4 romanfoot # but we can't have the names for different
|
|
|
4823 romancubit 18 romaninch # units.
|
|
|
4824 romanpace 5 romanfeet # Roman double pace (basic military unit)
|
|
|
4825 passus romanpace
|
|
|
4826 romanperch 10 romanfeet
|
|
|
4827 stade 125 romanpaces
|
|
|
4828 stadia stade
|
|
|
4829 stadium stade
|
|
|
4830 romanmile 8 stadia # 1000 paces
|
|
|
4831 romanleague 1.5 romanmile
|
|
|
4832 schoenus 4 romanmile
|
|
|
4833
|
|
|
4834 # Other values for the Roman foot (from Dilke)
|
|
|
4835
|
|
|
4836 earlyromanfoot 29.73 cm
|
|
|
4837 pesdrusianus 33.3 cm # or 33.35 cm, used in Gaul & Germany in 1st c BC
|
|
|
4838 lateromanfoot 29.42 cm
|
|
|
4839
|
|
|
4840 # Roman areas
|
|
|
4841
|
|
|
4842 actuslength 120 romanfeet # length of a Roman furrow
|
|
|
4843 actus 120*4 romanfeet^2 # area of the furrow
|
|
|
4844 squareactus 120^2 romanfeet^2 # actus quadratus
|
|
|
4845 acnua squareactus
|
|
|
4846 iugerum 2 squareactus
|
|
|
4847 iugera iugerum
|
|
|
4848 jugerum iugerum
|
|
|
4849 jugera iugerum
|
|
|
4850 heredium 2 iugera # heritable plot
|
|
|
4851 heredia heredium
|
|
|
4852 centuria 100 heredia
|
|
|
4853 centurium centuria
|
|
|
4854
|
|
|
4855 # Roman volumes
|
|
|
4856
|
|
|
4857 sextarius 35.4 in^3 # Basic unit of Roman volume. As always,
|
|
|
4858 sextarii sextarius # there is uncertainty. Six large Roman
|
|
|
4859 # measures survive with volumes ranging from
|
|
|
4860 # 34.4 in^3 to 39.55 in^3. Three of them
|
|
|
4861 # cluster around the size given here.
|
|
|
4862 #
|
|
|
4863 # But the values for this unit vary wildly
|
|
|
4864 # in other sources. One reference gives 0.547
|
|
|
4865 # liters, but then says the amphora is a
|
|
|
4866 # cubic Roman foot. This gives a value for the
|
|
|
4867 # sextarius of 0.540 liters. And the
|
|
|
4868 # encyclopedia Brittanica lists 0.53 liters for
|
|
|
4869 # this unit. Both [7] and [11], which were
|
|
|
4870 # written by scholars of weights and measures,
|
|
|
4871 # give the value of 35.4 cubic inches.
|
|
|
4872 cochlearia 1|48 sextarius
|
|
|
4873 cyathi 1|12 sextarius
|
|
|
4874 acetabula 1|8 sextarius
|
|
|
4875 quartaria 1|4 sextarius
|
|
|
4876 quartarius quartaria
|
|
|
4877 heminae 1|2 sextarius
|
|
|
4878 hemina heminae
|
|
|
4879 cheonix 1.5 sextarii
|
|
|
4880
|
|
|
4881 # Dry volume measures (usually)
|
|
|
4882
|
|
|
4883 semodius 8 sextarius
|
|
|
4884 semodii semodius
|
|
|
4885 modius 16 sextarius
|
|
|
4886 modii modius
|
|
|
4887
|
|
|
4888 # Liquid volume measures (usually)
|
|
|
4889
|
|
|
4890 congius 12 heminae
|
|
|
4891 congii congius
|
|
|
4892 amphora 8 congii
|
|
|
4893 amphorae amphora # Also a dry volume measure
|
|
|
4894 culleus 20 amphorae
|
|
|
4895 quadrantal amphora
|
|
|
4896
|
|
|
4897 # Roman weights
|
|
|
4898
|
|
|
4899 libra 5052 grain # The Roman pound varied significantly
|
|
|
4900 librae libra # from 4210 grains to 5232 grains. Most of
|
|
|
4901 romanpound libra # the standards were obtained from the weight
|
|
|
4902 uncia 1|12 libra # of particular coins. The one given here is
|
|
|
4903 unciae uncia # based on the Gold Aureus of Augustus which
|
|
|
4904 romanounce uncia # was in use from BC 27 to AD 296.
|
|
|
4905 deunx 11 uncia
|
|
|
4906 dextans 10 uncia
|
|
|
4907 dodrans 9 uncia
|
|
|
4908 bes 8 uncia
|
|
|
4909 seprunx 7 uncia
|
|
|
4910 semis 6 uncia
|
|
|
4911 quincunx 5 uncia
|
|
|
4912 triens 4 uncia
|
|
|
4913 quadrans 3 uncia
|
|
|
4914 sextans 2 uncia
|
|
|
4915 sescuncia 1.5 uncia
|
|
|
4916 semuncia 1|2 uncia
|
|
|
4917 siscilius 1|4 uncia
|
|
|
4918 sextula 1|6 uncia
|
|
|
4919 semisextula 1|12 uncia
|
|
|
4920 scriptulum 1|24 uncia
|
|
|
4921 scrupula scriptulum
|
|
|
4922 romanobol 1|2 scrupula
|
|
|
4923
|
|
|
4924 romanaspound 4210 grain # Old pound based on bronze coinage, the
|
|
|
4925 # earliest money of Rome BC 338 to BC 268.
|
|
|
4926
|
|
|
4927 # Egyptian length measure
|
|
|
4928
|
|
|
4929 egyptianroyalcubit 20.63 in # plus or minus .2 in
|
|
|
4930 egyptianpalm 1|7 egyptianroyalcubit
|
|
|
4931 egyptiandigit 1|4 egyptianpalm
|
|
|
4932 egyptianshortcubit 6 egyptianpalm
|
|
|
4933
|
|
|
4934 doubleremen 29.16 in # Length of the diagonal of a square with
|
|
|
4935 remendigit 1|40 doubleremen # side length of 1 royal egyptian cubit.
|
|
|
4936 # This is divided into 40 digits which are
|
|
|
4937 # not the same size as the digits based on
|
|
|
4938 # the royal cubit.
|
|
|
4939
|
|
|
4940 # Greek length measures
|
|
|
4941
|
|
|
4942 greekfoot 12.45 in # Listed as being derived from the
|
|
|
4943 greekfeet greekfoot # Egyptian Royal cubit in [11]. It is
|
|
|
4944 greekcubit 1.5 greekfoot # said to be 3|5 of a 20.75 in cubit.
|
|
|
4945 pous greekfoot
|
|
|
4946 podes greekfoot
|
|
|
4947 orguia 6 greekfoot
|
|
|
4948 greekfathom orguia
|
|
|
4949 stadion 100 orguia
|
|
|
4950 akaina 10 greekfeet
|
|
|
4951 plethron 10 akaina
|
|
|
4952 greekfinger 1|16 greekfoot
|
|
|
4953 homericcubit 20 greekfingers # Elbow to end of knuckles.
|
|
|
4954 shortgreekcubit 18 greekfingers # Elbow to start of fingers.
|
|
|
4955
|
|
|
4956 ionicfoot 296 mm
|
|
|
4957 doricfoot 326 mm
|
|
|
4958
|
|
|
4959 olympiccubit 25 remendigit # These olympic measures were not as
|
|
|
4960 olympicfoot 2|3 olympiccubit # common as the other greek measures.
|
|
|
4961 olympicfinger 1|16 olympicfoot # They were used in agriculture.
|
|
|
4962 olympicfeet olympicfoot
|
|
|
4963 olympicdakylos olympicfinger
|
|
|
4964 olympicpalm 1|4 olympicfoot
|
|
|
4965 olympicpalestra olympicpalm
|
|
|
4966 olympicspithame 3|4 foot
|
|
|
4967 olympicspan olympicspithame
|
|
|
4968 olympicbema 2.5 olympicfeet
|
|
|
4969 olympicpace olympicbema
|
|
|
4970 olympicorguia 6 olympicfeet
|
|
|
4971 olympicfathom olympicorguia
|
|
|
4972 olympiccord 60 olympicfeet
|
|
|
4973 olympicamma olympiccord
|
|
|
4974 olympicplethron 100 olympicfeet
|
|
|
4975 olympicstadion 600 olympicfeet
|
|
|
4976
|
|
|
4977 # Greek capacity measure
|
|
|
4978
|
|
|
4979 greekkotyle 270 ml # This approximate value is obtained
|
|
|
4980 xestes 2 greekkotyle # from two earthenware vessels that
|
|
|
4981 khous 12 greekkotyle # were reconstructed from fragments.
|
|
|
4982 metretes 12 khous # The kotyle is a day's corn ration
|
|
|
4983 choinix 4 greekkotyle # for one man.
|
|
|
4984 hekteos 8 choinix
|
|
|
4985 medimnos 6 hekteos
|
|
|
4986
|
|
|
4987 # Greek weight. Two weight standards were used, an Aegina standard based
|
|
|
4988 # on the Beqa shekel and an Athens (attic) standard.
|
|
|
4989
|
|
|
4990 aeginastater 192 grain # Varies up to 199 grain
|
|
|
4991 aeginadrachmae 1|2 aeginastater
|
|
|
4992 aeginaobol 1|6 aeginadrachmae
|
|
|
4993 aeginamina 50 aeginastaters
|
|
|
4994 aeginatalent 60 aeginamina # Supposedly the mass of a cubic foot
|
|
|
4995 # of water (whichever foot was in use)
|
|
|
4996
|
|
|
4997 atticstater 135 grain # Varies 134-138 grain
|
|
|
4998 atticdrachmae 1|2 atticstater
|
|
|
4999 atticobol 1|6 atticdrachmae
|
|
|
5000 atticmina 50 atticstaters
|
|
|
5001 attictalent 60 atticmina # Supposedly the mass of a cubic foot
|
|
|
5002 # of water (whichever foot was in use)
|
|
|
5003
|
|
|
5004 # "Northern" cubit and foot. This was used by the pre-Aryan civilization in
|
|
|
5005 # the Indus valley. It was used in Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, China,
|
|
|
5006 # central and Western Europe until modern times when it was displaced by
|
|
|
5007 # the metric system.
|
|
|
5008
|
|
|
5009 northerncubit 26.6 in # plus/minus .2 in
|
|
|
5010 northernfoot 1|2 northerncubit
|
|
|
5011
|
|
|
5012 sumeriancubit 495 mm
|
|
|
5013 kus sumeriancubit
|
|
|
5014 sumerianfoot 2|3 sumeriancubit
|
|
|
5015
|
|
|
5016 assyriancubit 21.6 in
|
|
|
5017 assyrianfoot 1|2 assyriancubit
|
|
|
5018 assyrianpalm 1|3 assyrianfoot
|
|
|
5019 assyriansusi 1|20 assyrianpalm
|
|
|
5020 susi assyriansusi
|
|
|
5021 persianroyalcubit 7 assyrianpalm
|
|
|
5022
|
|
|
5023
|
|
|
5024 # Arabic measures. The arabic standards were meticulously kept. Glass weights
|
|
|
5025 # accurate to .2 grains were made during AD 714-900.
|
|
|
5026
|
|
|
5027 hashimicubit 25.56 in # Standard of linear measure used
|
|
|
5028 # in Persian dominions of the Arabic
|
|
|
5029 # empire 7-8th cent. Is equal to two
|
|
|
5030 # French feet.
|
|
|
5031
|
|
|
5032 blackcubit 21.28 in
|
|
|
5033 arabicfeet 1|2 blackcubit
|
|
|
5034 arabicfoot arabicfeet
|
|
|
5035 arabicinch 1|12 arabicfoot
|
|
|
5036 arabicmile 4000 blackcubit
|
|
|
5037
|
|
|
5038 silverdirhem 45 grain # The weights were derived from these two
|
|
|
5039 tradedirhem 48 grain # units with two identically named systems
|
|
|
5040 # used for silver and used for trade purposes
|
|
|
5041
|
|
|
5042 silverkirat 1|16 silverdirhem
|
|
|
5043 silverwukiyeh 10 silverdirhem
|
|
|
5044 silverrotl 12 silverwukiyeh
|
|
|
5045 arabicsilverpound silverrotl
|
|
|
5046
|
|
|
5047 tradekirat 1|16 tradedirhem
|
|
|
5048 tradewukiyeh 10 tradedirhem
|
|
|
5049 traderotl 12 tradewukiyeh
|
|
|
5050 arabictradepound traderotl
|
|
|
5051
|
|
|
5052 # Miscellaneous ancient units
|
|
|
5053
|
|
|
5054 parasang 3.5 mile # Persian unit of length usually thought
|
|
|
5055 # to be between 3 and 3.5 miles
|
|
|
5056 biblicalcubit 21.8 in
|
|
|
5057 hebrewcubit 17.58 in
|
|
|
5058 li 10|27.8 mile # Chinese unit of length
|
|
|
5059 # 100 li is considered a day's march
|
|
|
5060 liang 11|3 oz # Chinese weight unit
|
|
|
5061
|
|
|
5062
|
|
|
5063 # Medieval time units. According to the OED, these appear in Du Cange
|
|
|
5064 # by Papias.
|
|
|
5065
|
|
|
5066 timepoint 1|5 hour # also given as 1|4
|
|
|
5067 timeminute 1|10 hour
|
|
|
5068 timeostent 1|60 hour
|
|
|
5069 timeounce 1|8 timeostent
|
|
|
5070 timeatom 1|47 timeounce
|
|
|
5071
|
|
|
5072 # Given in [15], these subdivisions of the grain were supposedly used
|
|
|
5073 # by jewelers. The mite may have been used but the blanc could not
|
|
|
5074 # have been accurately measured.
|
|
|
5075
|
|
|
5076 mite 1|20 grain
|
|
|
5077 droit 1|24 mite
|
|
|
5078 periot 1|20 droit
|
|
|
5079 blanc 1|24 periot
|
|
|
5080
|
|
|
5081 #
|
|
|
5082 # Some definitions using ISO 8859-1 characters
|
|
|
5083 #
|
|
|
5084
|
|
|
5085 ¼- 1|4
|
|
|
5086 ½- 1|2
|
|
|
5087 ¾- 3|4
|
|
|
5088 µ- micro
|
|
|
5089 ¢ cent
|
|
|
5090 £ britainpound
|
|
|
5091 ¥ japanyen
|
|
|
5092 ångström angstrom
|
|
|
5093 Å angstrom
|
|
|
5094 röntgen roentgen
|
|
|
5095 °C degC
|
|
|
5096 °F degF
|
|
|
5097 °K K # °K is incorrect notation
|
|
|
5098 °R degR
|
|
|
5099 ° degree
|
|
|
5100
|
|
|
5101 #
|
|
|
5102 # Localisation
|
|
|
5103 #
|
|
|
5104
|
|
|
5105 !locale en_US
|
|
|
5106 hundredweight ushundredweight
|
|
|
5107 ton uston
|
|
|
5108 scruple apscruple
|
|
|
5109 fluidounce usfluidounce
|
|
|
5110 gallon usgallon
|
|
|
5111 bushel usbushel
|
|
|
5112 quarter quarterweight
|
|
|
5113 cup uscup
|
|
|
5114 tablespoon ustablespoon
|
|
|
5115 teaspoon usteaspoon
|
|
|
5116 horsepower ushorsepower
|
|
|
5117 dollar US$
|
|
|
5118 cent $ 0.01
|
|
|
5119 penny cent
|
|
|
5120 minim minimvolume
|
|
|
5121 pony ponyvolume
|
|
|
5122 grand usgrand
|
|
|
5123 firkin usfirkin
|
|
|
5124 hogshead ushogshead
|
|
|
5125 acre usacre
|
|
|
5126 acrefoot usacrefoot
|
|
|
5127 !endlocale
|
|
|
5128
|
|
|
5129 !locale en_GB
|
|
|
5130 hundredweight brhundredweight
|
|
|
5131 ton brton
|
|
|
5132 scruple brscruple
|
|
|
5133 fluidounce brfluidounce
|
|
|
5134 gallon brgallon
|
|
|
5135 bushel brbushel
|
|
|
5136 quarter brquarter
|
|
|
5137 chaldron brchaldron
|
|
|
5138 cup brcup
|
|
|
5139 teacup brteacup
|
|
|
5140 tablespoon brtablespoon
|
|
|
5141 teaspoon brteaspoon
|
|
|
5142 horsepower brhorsepower
|
|
|
5143 dollar US$
|
|
|
5144 cent $ 0.01
|
|
|
5145 penny brpenny
|
|
|
5146 minim minimnote
|
|
|
5147 pony brpony
|
|
|
5148 grand brgrand
|
|
|
5149 firkin brfirkin
|
|
|
5150 hogshead brhogshead
|
|
|
5151 acre intacre
|
|
|
5152 acrefoot intacrefoot
|
|
|
5153 !endlocale
|
|
|
5154
|
|
|
5155 ############################################################################
|
|
|
5156 #
|
|
|
5157 # The following units were in the unix units database but do not appear in
|
|
|
5158 # this file:
|
|
|
5159 #
|
|
|
5160 # wey used for cheese, salt and other goods. Measured mass or
|
|
|
5161 # waymass volume depending on what was measured and where the measuring
|
|
|
5162 # took place. A wey of cheese ranged from 200 to 324 pounds.
|
|
|
5163 #
|
|
|
5164 # sack No precise definition
|
|
|
5165 #
|
|
|
5166 # spindle The length depends on the type of yarn
|
|
|
5167 #
|
|
|
5168 # block Defined variously on different computer systems
|
|
|
5169 #
|
|
|
5170 # erlang A unit of telephone traffic defined variously.
|
|
|
5171 # Omitted because there are no other units for this
|
|
|
5172 # dimension. Is this true? What about CCS = 1/36 erlang?
|
|
|
5173 # Erlang is supposed to be dimensionless. One erlang means
|
|
|
5174 # a single channel occupied for one hour.
|
|
|
5175 #
|
|
|
5176 ############################################################################
|
|
|
5177
|
|
|
5178
|
|
|
5179
|
|
|
5180
|
|
|
5181 beardsecond 5 nanometers
|
